Editing Intelligence quotient (section)

===IQ testing and the eugenics movement in the United States===
[[Eugenics]], a set of beliefs and practices aimed at improving the [[genetics|genetic]] quality of the [[human population]] by excluding people and groups judged to be inferior and promoting those judged to be superior,<ref name="Spektorowski">{{cite book|last1=Spektorowski|first1=Alberto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdkdAAAAQBAJ&q=Historically,+the+term+has+referred+to+everything+from+prenatal+care+for+mothers+to+forced+sterilization+and+euthanasia&pg=PA24|title=Politics of Eugenics: Productionism, Population, and National Welfare|last2=Ireni-Saban|first2=Liza|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-74023-1|location=London|page=24|quote=As an applied science, thus, the practice of eugenics referred to everything from prenatal care for mothers to forced sterilization and euthanasia. Galton divided the practice of eugenics into two types—positive and negative—both aimed at improving the human race through selective breeding.|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=26 September 2010|title=Eugenics|url=http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=eugenics|work=Unified Medical Language System (Psychological Index Terms)|publisher=National Library of Medicine}}</ref><ref name="Galton1904">{{cite journal|author=Galton, Francis|author-link=Francis Galton|date=July 1904|title=Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope, and Aims|url=http://www.mugu.com/galton/essays/1900-1911/galton-1904-am-journ-soc-eugenics-scope-aims.htm|journal=The American Journal of Sociology|volume=X|issue=1|pages=82, 1st paragraph|bibcode=1904Natur..70...82.|doi=10.1038/070082a0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103082723/http://galton.org/essays/1900-1911/galton-1904-am-journ-soc-eugenics-scope-aims.htm|archive-date=3 November 2007|access-date=27 December 2010|quote=Eugenics is the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race; also with those that develop them to the utmost advantage.|doi-access=free}}</ref> played a significant role in the history and culture of the [[United States]] during the [[Progressive Era]], from the late 19th century until US involvement in [[World War II]].<ref name="SusanCurrell">{{cite book|author1=Susan Currell|author2=[[Christina Cogdell]]|title=Popular Eugenics: National Efficiency and American Mass Culture in the 1930s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRL6MbBO024C&pg=PA86|year=2006|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1691-4|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~tleonard/papers/retrospectives.pdf|title=Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Eugenics in the United States|American eugenics movement]] was rooted in the [[Biological determinism|biological determinist]] ideas of the British Scientist [[Sir Francis Galton]]. In 1883, Galton first used the word eugenics to describe the biological improvement of human genes and the concept of being "well-born".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/eugenics/2-origins/|title=Origins of Eugenics: From Sir Francis Galton to Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924|website=University of Virginia: Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Norrgard|first=K.|date=2008|title=Human testing, the eugenics movement, and IRBs|journal=Nature Education|volume=1|pages=170}}</ref> He believed that differences in a person's ability were acquired primarily through genetics and that eugenics could be implemented through [[selective breeding]] in order for the human race to improve in its overall quality, therefore allowing for humans to direct their own evolution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://galton.org/books/hereditary-genius/text/pdf/galton-1869-genius-v3.pdf|title=Hereditary Genius|last=Galton|first=Francis|date=1869|page=64|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Henry H. Goddard]] was a eugenicist. In 1908, he published his own version, ''The Binet and Simon Test of Intellectual Capacity'', and cordially promoted the test. He quickly extended the use of the scale to the public schools (1913), to immigration ([[Ellis Island]], 1914) and to a court of law (1914).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/01/assessment.aspx|title=The birth of American intelligence testing|access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref>

Unlike Galton, who promoted eugenics through selective breeding for positive traits, Goddard went with the US eugenics movement to eliminate "undesirable" traits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/forums/genetics-generation/america-s-hidden-history-the-eugenics-movement-123919444|title=America's Hidden History: The Eugenics Movement {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable|website=www.nature.com|language=en|access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref> Goddard used the term "[[feeble-minded]]" to refer to people who did not perform well on the test. He argued that "feeble-mindedness" was caused by heredity, and thus feeble-minded people should be prevented from giving birth, either by institutional isolation or sterilization surgeries.<ref name=":3" /> At first, sterilization targeted the disabled, but was later extended to poor people. Goddard's intelligence test was endorsed by the eugenicists to push for laws for forced sterilization. Different states adopted the sterilization laws at different paces. These laws, whose constitutionality was upheld by the Supreme Court in their 1927 ruling [[Buck v. Bell]], forced over 60,000 people to go through sterilization in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/essay8text.html|title=Social Origins of Eugenics|website=www.eugenicsarchive.org|access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref>

California's sterilization program was so effective that the Nazis turned to the government for advice on how to prevent the birth of the "unfit".<ref name="HARNE">{{Cite web|url=http://hnn.us/article/1796 |title=The Horrifying American Roots of Nazi Eugenics |website=hnn.us |date=September 2003 |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref> While the US eugenics movement lost much of its momentum in the 1940s in view of the horrors of Nazi Germany, advocates of eugenics (including Nazi geneticist [[Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer]]) continued to work and promote their ideas in the United States.<ref name="HARNE" /> In later decades, some eugenic principles have made a resurgence as a voluntary means of selective reproduction, with some calling them "[[new eugenics]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vizcarrondo |first1=Felipe E. |title=Human Enhancement: The New Eugenics |journal=The Linacre Quarterly |date=August 2014 |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=239–243 |doi=10.1179/2050854914Y.0000000021 |pmid=25249705 |pmc=4135459}}</ref> As it becomes possible to test for and correlate genes with IQ (and its proxies),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Regalado |first1=Antonio |title=Eugenics 2.0: We're at the Dawn of Choosing Embryos by Health, Height, and More |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609204/eugenics-20-were-at-the-dawn-of-choosing-embryos-by-health-height-and-more/ |website=Technology Review |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref> ethicists and embryonic [[genetic testing]] companies are attempting to understand the ways in which the technology can be ethically deployed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=LeMieux |first1=Julianna |title=Polygenic Risk Scores and Genomic Prediction: Q&A with Stephen Hsu |url=https://www.genengnews.com/insights/polygenic-risk-scores-and-genomic-prediction-qa-with-stephen-hsu/ |website=Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News |access-date=20 November 2019 |date=1 April 2019}}</ref>