Editing Interlingue (section)

=== IALA, Interlingua, and name change to Interlingue ===
The International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA), founded in 1924<ref>{{Cite book|last=Esterhill|first=Frank J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-pUYFcH2PwC|title=Interlingua Institute: A History|publisher=Interlingua Institute|year=2000|isbn=9780917848025|pages=ix|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211451/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-pUYFcH2PwC|url-status=live}}</ref> to study and determine the best planned language for international communication, was at first viewed with suspicion by the Occidental community. Its co-founder [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]] was an Esperantist, as were many of its staff,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=84&size=45|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 84|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025850/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=84&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref> and many Occidentalists including de Wahl himself<ref name=":7" /> believed that its leadership under Esperantist [[William Edward Collinson]] meant that it had been set up with a staff of professional linguists under a neutral and scientific pretext to bolster a final recommendation for Esperanto. Relations soon improved, however, as it became clear that the IALA intended to be as impartial as possible by familiarizing itself with all existing planned languages. [[Ric Berger]], a prominent Occidentalist who later joined [[Interlingua]] in the 1950s, made a personal visit to Morris in 1935 in which she and her husband showed a curiosity for Occidental and invited him to speak in the language, vastly improving Berger's opinion of the organization.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, pg. 85|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=85&size=45|access-date=23 January 2022|website=anno.onb.ac.at}}</ref>

In 1945, the IALA announced that it planned to create its own language and showed four possible versions under consideration, all of which were naturalistic<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 84|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=85&size=45|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415031939/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=85&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref> as opposed to schematic. Occidentalists were by and large pleased that the IALA had decided to create a language so similar in nature to Occidental, seeing it as a credible association that gave weight to their argument that an auxiliary language should proceed from study of natural languages instead of attempting to fit them into an artificial system. Ric Berger was particularly positive in describing the upcoming language as a victory for the natural school<ref name=":8" /> and "almost the same language" in 1948.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&size=45&page=35|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 34|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025943/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&size=45&page=35|url-status=live}}</ref> Berger still had reservations, however, doubting whether a project with such a similar aspect and structure would be able to "suddenly cause prejudices [against planned languages] to fall and create unity among the partisans of international languages".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&page=29&size=45|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 29|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014645/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&page=29&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref> Berger also feared that it might simply "disperse the partisans of the natural language with nothing to show for it" after Occidental had created "unity in the naturalistic school" for so long.<ref name=":2" />

While the two languages had a 90 per cent identical vocabulary<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|title=Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)|last=Barandovská-Frank|first=Vĕra|quote=Alphonse Matejka konstatis, ke la publikigita vortprovizo de Interlingua en 90% kongruas kun tiu de Interlingue, se oni ne rigardas ortografion (historian kaj simpligitan) kaj uzon de finaj vokaloj.|access-date=22 January 2019|archive-date=23 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> without orthographic differences taken into account (e.g. with {{lang|ie|filosofie}} and {{lang|ie|philosophia}} considered the same word), structurally and derivationally they were very different. De Wahl's Rule in Occidental had mostly done away with Latin double stem verbs (verbs such as act: {{lang|ie|ager}}, {{lang|ie|act-}} or send: {{lang|ie|mitter}}, {{lang|ie|miss-}}), while Interlingua simply accepted them as part and parcel of a naturalistic system.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gode|first1=Alexander|last2=Blair|first2=Hugh|title=A grammar of Interlingua|chapter= Appendix 1 (Double-Stem Verbs)|url=https://adoneilson.com/int/gi/append/double.html|publisher=International Auxiliary Language Association|year=1951|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023125657/https://adoneilson.com/int/gi/append/double.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The control languages (Italian, Spanish and/or Portuguese, French, English) used by Interlingua to form its vocabulary for the most part require an eligible word to be found in three source languages (the "rule of three"),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le tres principios principal del standardization international in interlingua|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204205/https://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> which would conflict with Occidental's Germanic [[Stratum (linguistics)|substrate]] and various other words which would be by definition ineligible in a unified language that retained Interlingua's methodology. Interlingua also allowed optional irregular verbal conjugations such as {{lang|ie|so}}, {{lang|ie|son}} and {{lang|ie|sia}} as the first-person singular, third-person plural and subjunctive form of {{lang|ie|esser}}, the verb 'to be'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interlingua-English Dictionary S |url=http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED_s.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213083124/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED_s.html |archive-date=13 December 2007}}</ref>

Occidental was also still recovering from the war. ''Cosmoglotta'' continued to report into 1946 on who had survived the war, who among them were ready to participate again and those who were still out of touch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 120|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=119&size=45|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203639/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=119&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p. 4|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=4&size=45|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203615/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1946&page=4&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref> The magazine was financially strained by inflated postwar printing costs and its inability to collect payments from certain countries,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&size=45&page=12|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 12|quote=Translation: "Unfortunately, in 1947 we were not able to publish more than two printed editions: the enormous increase of printing costs and the difficulties transferring the credits accumulated in certain countries were the reasons why we had to be prudent about expenses...even though printing costs have increased by 5 times compared to before the war, the subscription fees have remained the same. Regretfully we have been forced to increase the subscription price this year to 8 Swiss francs..."|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415023734/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&size=45&page=12|url-status=live}}</ref> a marked contrast to the well-funded<ref name="harlow2000">Harlow, Don. ''The Esperanto Book'', Chapter 3: {{Cite web |url=http://donh.best.vwh.net/Esperanto/EBook/chap03.html |title=The Esperanto Book: 3 |access-date=9 September 2008 |archive-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204044938/http://donh.best.vwh.net/Esperanto/EBook/chap03.html |url-status=dead }}.</ref> New York-based IALA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historia de Interlingua|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/|access-date=20 November 2021|website=www.interlingua.com}}</ref>

International politics was another difficulty for Occidentalists after the war. The beginning of the [[Cold War]] created an uncomfortable situation for the Occidental-Union,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 7|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&page=7&size=45|quote="Li recent evenimentes politic e li division del munde in du sectores de influentie (occidental e oriental) ha mettet nor propagatores de quelc landes in delicat situation. It ha devenit desfacil nu parlar pri un lingue de quel li nómine in cert landes evoca suspectiones in li circul politic. Pro to nor Centrale ha recivet ti-ci mensus, precipue de Tchecoslovacia, propositiones usar vice li nómine de Occidental ti de Interal (=INTER/national Auxiliari lingue)."|access-date=1 February 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025617/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&page=7&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Barandovská-Frank|first=Vĕra|title=Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)|url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|quote="La postmilita divido de Eŭropo en orientan kaj okcidentan sektoron sentigis la nomon "Occidental" propagando por kapitalisma okcidento, tial venis proponoj ŝanĝi la nomon."|access-date=22 January 2019|archive-date=23 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pigal|first=Engelbert|title=Interlingue (Occidental), die Weltsprache|publisher=Gesellschaft Cosmoglotta|year=1950|location=Vienna, Austria|pages=4|oclc=67940249|quote=Schließlich wurde aus Gründen der Neutralität mit 1. September 1949 der Name der Sprache in Interlingue geändert.}}</ref> whose name unfortunately coincided with that of an anti-Russian political league; the Swiss Occidentalists believed that was why all of de Wahl's letters from Tallinn were intercepted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 99|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=100&size=45|quote=Translation: "One should not forget that the name Occidental had been selected in 1922, when it had absolutely no political significance. And today, by strange chance the title of the Occidental-Union coincides with that of a political league opposed to the Russians. It is possible that in Tallinn they considered de Wahl a person requiring police surveillance. How to protest and explain the misunderstanding from so far away?"|access-date=1 February 2019|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203808/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=100&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref> De Wahl remained unaware of developments in the language and the proposal for the rest of his life.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Occidental A, 1948, p. 98|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=99&size=45|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203805/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&page=99&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 1948 the Czechoslovak Occidentalists had begun requesting a new name that would allow them to continue their linguistic activities without suspicion, proposing the name Interal (International auxiliari lingue), to which the union responded that the term ''Interlingue'' would be more appropriate and that they were free to introduce the language as "Interlingue (Occidental)", or even remove the mention of Occidental in parentheses if they wanted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&page=7&size=45|title=Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 7|access-date=1 February 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025617/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1948&page=7&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref> Ric Berger began advocating for a change of name from Occidental to Interlingue in 1948<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biographias: Ric(hard) Berger|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/berger.htm|quote=Postea, de 1934 a 1950, ille esseva co-redactor del magazin del Occidental-Union, "Cosmoglotta", e esseva le interprenditor in 1948 quando occidental – presentate per le estoniano Edgar de Wahl – cambiava nomine a interlingue.|access-date=18 December 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204010/https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/berger.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> which he also hoped would aid in a fusion between the two languages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmoglotta, summer 2000|url=http://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm|quote=Proque yo esperat que noi vell posser un vez fusionar con Interlingua, ti-ci nov nómine devet facilisar li transition por nor membres, evitante talmen, coram li publica, un nov radical changeament de nómine. Yo dunc proposit, in februar 1948, in Cosmoglotta, remplazzar li nómine Occidental per Interlingue malgré li oposition del presidente del Academie.|access-date=13 December 2018|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222745/http://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The official vote on the name change to Interlingue took place in 1949 and was passed with 91 per cent support, making the official name Interlingue, with Interlingue (Occidental) also permitted, starting September 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/48608370/Cosmoglotta-October-1949|title=Cosmoglotta A, 1949, p. 112|quote=English translation: "91% of the voters have adopted the proposition of the Senate of the Occidental Union, i.e. the new name: INTERLINGUE. The usage of the name INTERLINGUE, or if one wishes INTERLINGUE (Occ.) is valid from 1.9.1949."|access-date=9 February 2019|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724134429/https://www.scribd.com/doc/48608370/Cosmoglotta-October-1949|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 1951 debut of Interlingua weakened Interlingue-Occidental, which until then had been unchallenged in the field of naturalistic planned auxiliary languages. Vĕra Barandovská-Frank's perception of the situation at the time was as follows (translated from Esperanto):
{{Blockquote|In the field of naturalistic planned languages Occidental-Interlingue was until then unchallenged (especially after the death of Otto Jespersen, author of Novial), as all new projects were nearly imitations of it. This applied to Interlingua as well, but it carried with it a dictionary of 27 000 words put together by professional linguists that brought great respect, despite in principle only confirming the path that de Wahl had started. [...] In these circumstances the efforts by Ric Berger to move all users of Interlingue en masse to Interlingua de IALA was a shock. His heresy caused doubt and interruptions in Interlingue circles, especially after he became involved in the publication of ''Revista de Interlingua''. The former idea of a natural fusion of both languages was shown to be unrealistic, with the new language becoming a rival.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barandovská-Frank|first=Vĕra|title=Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)|url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|quote="...la simileco inter ambaŭ interlingvoj estas tiom granda, ke certe eblos iu racia sintezo inter ili, konkludis Matejka en 1951...La senato de Interlingue-Union kaj la Interlingue-Academie pritraktis la proponojn, ke (1) Interlingue Union iĝu kolektiva membro de IALA kaj (2) Interlingue-Union restu favora al estonta aktiveco de IALA kaj morale subtenu ĝin. La unua propono ne estis akceptita, sed jes la dua, do praktike kunlaboro kaj subteno de Interlingua."|access-date=2019-01-22|archive-date=2019-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Barandovská-Frank|first=Vĕra|title=Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)|url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|page=18|access-date=22 January 2019|archive-date=23 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
Don Harlow similarly summarizes the year 1951 for Occidental:
{{blockquote|Interlingua had a ready-made constituency. Almost thirty years had passed since the creation of Occidental, whose strength in the "naturalistic" world had prevented other "naturalistic" projects from developing their own movements. But Occidental's star had waned since the war. Now, like a bolt from the blue, came this heaven-sent gift: a new constructed language even more "naturalistic" than Occidental. In spite of attempts by diehard supporters of Occidental to stave off the inevitable — for instance, by such tactics as renaming their language Interlingue — most remaining Occidentalists made the short pilgrimage to the shrine of Interlingua.<ref name="harlow2000" />}}