Editing Internal passport (section)

===France===

{{expand section|date=April 2013}}

In [[France]], in the past, one had to show an internal passport to change [[city]]. Former convicts who had served [[forced labour]], even after having served their sentence, had a [[yellow passport (France)|yellow passport]], which made them outcasts. A famous holder of the yellow passport is the former [[penal servitude|''{{lang|fr|bagnard|nocat=true}}'']] [[Jean Valjean]] the hero of the novel [[Les Misérables]] by [[Victor Hugo]].<ref>Victor Hugo, ''{{lang|fr|les Misérables}}''</ref>

A ''[[decree#France|décret]]'' issued 2 October 1795 (10 [[Vendémiaire]] year IV in the [[French Republican Calendar]]) required all persons traveling outside the limits of their [[Cantons of France|canton]] to possess either an internal passport (for voyages within France) or external passport (for travel outside France).<!-- <ref name="Fouché"/>{{rp|19}} --> In 1815 an internal passport cost 2&nbsp;[[French franc|francs]] and was delivered by the mayor of the commune to the residence of the passport requester.<ref name="Fouché">{{cite book|last1=Fouché|first1=Nicole|title=Émigration alsacienne aux États-Unis, 1815-1870|date=1992|publisher=Publications de la Sorbonne|location=Paris|isbn=2859442170|language=fr|chapter=Chapitre Premier: Les passeports}}</ref>{{rp|19}} Internal passports were significantly easier to obtain than passports for foreign travel, which cost 10&nbsp;francs in 1815. In the early 19th century, many emigrants obtained cheaper and easier-to-obtain internal passports to travel to the port of Le Havre, from which most ships to the United States departed.<ref name="Fouché"/>{{rp|19, 23–26}} As control of the issuance of internal passports, which required a certificate of good behavior, was in the hands of the mayors of communes, there was some degree of favoritism in the issuance/denial of internal passports in the 18th century.<ref name="Fouché"/>{{rp|23–24}}

Internal passports were finally abolished in France in 1862.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://french-genealogy.typepad.com/genealogie/2011/01/passports.html|title=Passports|publisher=French Genealogy Blog|language=en|author=Anne Morddel|date=16 January 2011|access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref>

====Booklet and notebook of circulation of travellers====

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In [[France]], the "livret de circulation" (booklet of circulation) and its variant the "carnet de circulation" (notebook of circulation) provided to those of [[no fixed abode]] were particularly constraining and [[discrimination|discriminatory]] obligations imposed on [[itinerant groups in Europe|itinerant]]s.

At the end of 2012, when examining a {{Interlanguage link|priority question of constitutionality|fr|3=question prioritaire de constitutionnalité|lt=priority question of constitutionality|vertical-align=sup}}, the [[Conseil constitutionnel (France)|Constitutional Council]] ended the notebook of circulation, considering that it harmed disproportionately the [[freedom of movement]].