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International broadcasting
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=== Cold War era === The Cold War led to increased international broadcasting (and [[radio jamming|jamming]]), as Communist and non-Communist states attempted to influence each other's domestic population. Some of the most prominent Western broadcasters were the [[Voice of America]], the [[BBC World Service]], and the [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]. The Soviet Union's most prominent service was [[Radio Moscow]] and China used [[Radio Peking]] (then [[Radio Beijing]], now [[China Radio International]]). In addition to the U.S.-Soviet cold war, the Chinese-Russian border dispute led to an increase of the numbers of transmitters aimed at the two nations, and the development of new techniques such as playing tapes backwards for reel-to-reel recorders.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} West Germany resumed regular shortwave broadcasts using [[Deutsche Welle]] on May 3, 1953. Its [[Jülich radio transmitter|Julich transmitter site]] began operation in 1956, with eleven 100-kW [[Telefunken]] transmitters. The [[Wertachtal transmitter site|Wertachtal site]] was authorized in 1972 and began with four 500-kW transmitters. By 1989, there were 15 transmitters, four of which relayed the Voice of America.<ref>Wood 2000: 51</ref> Meanwhile, in East Germany, the [[Nauen Transmitter Station|Nauen site]] began transmitting Radio DDR, later Radio Berlin International, on October 15, 1959.<ref>Wood 2000: 58</ref> <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Antenna system used Radio-Liberty 02.jpg|thumb|400px|Diagrams showing coverage of the [[Radio Liberty]] transmission site at [[Playa de Pals|Playa de Pals, Spain]] {{FFDC|Antenna system used Radio-Liberty 02.jpg|9 May 26|date=March 2012}}]] --> In addition to these states, international broadcast services grew in Europe and the [[Middle East]]. Under the presidency of [[Gamal Nasser]], [[Egypt]]ian transmitters covered the Arab world; Israel's service, [[Kol Yisrael]], served both to present the Israeli point of view to the world and to serve the [[Jewish diaspora]], particularly behind the [[Iron Curtain]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} [[Radio RSA]], as part of the South African Broadcasting Corporation, was established in 1966 to promote the image of South Africa internationally and reduce criticism of apartheid.<ref>Horwitz 2001: 287</ref> It continued in 1992, when the post-apartheid government renamed it [[Channel Africa]]. Ironically, the isolationist [[Albania]] under [[Enver Hoxha]], virtually a [[hermit kingdom]], became one of the most prolific international broadcasters during the latter decades of the Cold War, with [[Radio Tirana]] one of the top five broadcasters in terms of hours of programming produced.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} '''Estimated total programme hours per week of some external broadcasters'''<ref>[http://www.americanradiohistory.com/BBC_YEAR_Book_Page_Key.htm BBC Handbook]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%" ! Country !! Political<br />Alignment !! Broadcaster(s) !! 1950 !! 1955 !! 1960 !! 1965 !! 1970 !! 1975 !! 1980 !! 1985 !! 1990 |- | {{ALB}} || [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]] || [[Radio Televizioni Shqiptar#Radio|Radio Tirana]] || 26 || 47 || 63 || 154 || 487 || 490 || 560 || 581 || 451 |- | {{AUS}} || West || [[Radio Australia]] || 181 || 226 || 257 || 299 || 350 || 379 || 333 || 352 || 330 |- | {{BUL}} || East || [[Radio Bulgaria|Radio Sofia]] || 30 || 60 || 117 || 154 || 164 || 197 || 236 || 290 || 320 |- | {{CAN}} || West || [[Radio Canada International|Radio Canada International (RCI)]] || 85 || 83 || 80 || 81 || 98 || 159 || 134 || 169 || 195 |- | {{CHN}} || - || [[China Radio International|Radio Beijing]] || 66 || 159 || 687 || 1027 || 1267 || 1423 || 1350 || 1446 || 1515 |- | {{CUB}} || East || [[Radio Havana Cuba|Radio Havana Cuba (RHC)]] || - || - || - || 325 || 320 || 311 || 424 || 379 || 352 |- | {{CSK}} || East || [[Radio Prague]] || 119 || 147 || 196 || 189 || 202 || 253 || 255 || 268 || 131 |- | {{EGY}} || [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]] || [[ERTU|Radio Cairo]] || - || 100 || 301 || 505 || 540 || 635 || 546 || 560 || 605 |- | {{FRA}} || West || [[Radio France Internationale|Radio France Internationale (RFI)]] || 198 || 191 || 326 || 183 || 200 || 108 || 125 || 272 || 379 |- | {{FRG}} || West || [[Deutsche Welle|Deutsche Welle (DW)]], [[Deutschlandfunk|Deutschlandfunk (DLF)]] || - || 105 || 315 || 671 || 779 || 767 || 804 || 795 || 848 |- | {{GDR}} || East || [[Radio Berlin International|Radio Berlin International (RBI)]] || - || 9 || 185 || 308 || 274 || 342 || 375 || 413 || - |- | {{HUN}} || East || [[Radio Budapest]] || 76 || 99 || 120 || 121 || 105 || 127 || 127 || 122 || 102 |- | {{IND}} || [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]] || [[All India Radio|All India Radio (AIR)]] || 116 || 117 || 157 || 175 || 271 || 326 || 389 || 408 || 456 |- | {{IRN}} || [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]] || [[IRIB World Service|Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran]] || 12 || 10 || 24 || 118 || 155 || 154 || 175 || 310 || 400 |- | {{ISR}} || - || [[Kol Yisrael]] || - || 28 || 91 || 92 || 158 || 198 || 210 || 223 || 253 |- | {{ITA}} || West || [[Rai Italia Radio|Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI)]] || 170 || 185 || 205 || 160 || 165 || 170 || 169 || 173 || 181 |- | {{JPN}} || - || [[NHK World-Japan|Radio Japan]] || - || 91 || 203 || 249 || 259 || 259 || 259 || 287 || 343 |- | {{PRK}} || [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]] || [[Voice of Korea|Radio Pyongyang]] || - || 53 || 159 || 392 || 330 || 455 || 597 || 535 || 534 |- | {{NLD}} || West || [[Radio Netherlands Worldwide|Radio Nederland Wereldomroep (RNW)]] || 127 || 120 || 178 || 235 || 335 || 400 || 289 || 336 || 323 |- | {{NGR}} || [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]] || [[Voice of Nigeria]] || - || - || - || 63 || 62 || 61 || 170 || 322 || 120 |- | {{POL}} || East || [[Polish Radio External Service|Radio Polonia]] || 131 || 359 || 232 || 280 || 334 || 340 || 337 || 320 || 292 |- | {{POR}} || West || [[RDP Internacional]] || 46 || 102 || 133 || 273 || 295 || 190 || 214 || 140 || 203 |- | {{ROM}} || East || [[Radio Romania International|Radio Bucharest]] || 30 || 109 || 159 || 163 || 185 || 190 || 198 || 212 || 199 |- | {{flagicon|Union of South Africa}} [[South Africa]]|| West || [[Radio RSA]] || - || 127 || 63 || 84 || 150 || 141 || 183 || 205 || 156 |- | {{URS}} || East || [[Radio Moscow]], [[Radio Peace and Progress|Peace & Progress]], [[Radio Moscow#The union republics|Republics]] || 533 || 656 || 1015 || 1417 || 1908 || 2001 || 2094 || 2211 || 1876 |- | {{ESP}} || West || [[Radio Exterior|Radio Exterior de España (REE)]] || 68 || 98 || 202 || 276 || 251 || 312 || 239 || 252 || 403 |- | {{SWE}} || - || [[SR International – Radio Sweden|Radio Sweden]] || 28 || 128 || 114 || 142 || 140 || 154 || 155 || 196 || 167 |- | {{TUR}} || West || [[Voice of Turkey]] || 40 || 100 || 77 || 91 || 88 || 172 || 199 || 307 || 322 |- | {{UK}} || West || [[BBC World Service|BBC]] || 643 || 558 || 589 || 667 || 723 || 719 || 719 || 729 || 796 |- | {{US}} || West || [[Voice of America|VoA]], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]] || 497 || 1690 || 1495 || 1832 || 1907 || 2029 || 1901 || 2339 || 2611 |- | {{YUG}} || [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]] || [[Yugoslav Radio Television|Radio Yugoslavia]] || 80 || 46 || 70 || 78 || 76 || 82 || 72 || 86 || 96 |}
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