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Interplanetary medium
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==History== The term "interplanetary" appears to have been first used in print in 1691 by the scientist [[Robert Boyle]]: "The air is different from the æther (or vacuum) in the... interplanetary spaces" Boyle ''Hist. Air''. In 1898, American astronomer [[Charles Augustus Young]] wrote: "Inter-planetary space is a vacuum, far more perfect than anything we can produce by artificial means..." (''The Elements of Astronomy'', Charles Augustus Young, 1898). The notion that space is considered to be a [[vacuum]] filled with an "[[Aether (classical element)|aether]]", or just a cold, dark vacuum continued up until the 1950s. Tufts University Professor of astronomy, Kenneth R. Lang, writing in 2000 noted, "Half a century ago, most people visualized our planet as a solitary sphere traveling in a cold, dark vacuum of space around the Sun".<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth R. Lang|title=The Sun from Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn5gZ6gHKakC&pg=PA17|year=2000|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-66944-9|page=17}}</ref> In 2002, Akasofu stated "The view that interplanetary space is a vacuum into which the Sun intermittently emitted corpuscular streams was changed radically by [[Ludwig Biermann]] (1951, 1953) who proposed on the basis of comet tails, that the Sun continuously blows its atmosphere out in all directions at supersonic speed" ([[Syun-Ichi Akasofu]], ''Exploring the Secrets of the Aurora'', 2002)
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