Editing Islam in Pakistan (section)

====Zia ul Haq's Islamization====
{{main|Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization}}
On 5 July 1977, [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|General Zia-ul-Haq]] led a [[coup d'état]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJBpAgAAQBAJ&q=1973+constitution+pakistan+islam&pg=PA196|title=Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity|last=Grote|first=Rainer|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=9780199910168|pages=196}}</ref> In the year or two before [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]'s coup, his predecessor, leftist Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], had faced vigorous opposition which was united under the revivalist banner of ''Nizam-e-Mustafa''<ref name="nasr-453">{{cite book|title=Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism|url=https://archive.org/details/mawdudimakingisl00nasr|url-access=limited|date=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195096959|location=New York, Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mawdudimakingisl00nasr/page/n55 45]–6|last1=Nasr|first1=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr}}</ref> ("Rule of the prophet"). According to supporters of the movement, establishing an Islamic state based on ''[[sharia]]'' law would mean a return to the justice and success of the early days of Islam when [[Muhammad]] ruled the Muslims.<ref name="Kepel-10022">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=Nizam-e-Mustafa+sharia&pg=PA100|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris|edition=2006|pages=100–101|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|isbn=9781845112578|access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> In an effort to stem the tide of street Islamisation, Bhutto had also called for it and banned the drinking and selling of wine by Muslims, nightclubs and horse racing.<ref name="Kepel-10022" /><ref name="World Scientific22">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cCtsWb9hoYC&q=zia+ul+haq&pg=PA202|title=State and Secularism: Perspectives from Asia§General Zia-ul-Haq and Patronage of Islamism|last=Michael Heng Siam-Heng, Ten Chin Liew|publisher=World Scientific|year=2010|isbn=9789814282383|location=Singapore|page=360}}</ref>
[[File:Muslim self-identification.jpg|thumb|400px|Many diverse Islamic denominations are practised within Pakistan.]]

"Islamisation" was the "primary" policy,<ref name="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (July 2005)">{{cite book|last=Haqqani|first=Husain|title=Pakistan:Between Mosque and Military; §From Islamic Republic to Islamic State|year=2005|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (July 2005)|location=United States|isbn=978-0-87003-214-1|pages=395 pages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&q=Pakistan:Between+Mosque+and+Military}}</ref>
or "centerpiece"<ref name=jones-16-centre>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn/page/16 16]–7|isbn=9780300097603|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn|url-access=registration|quote=... Zia made Islam the centrepiece of his administration.}}</ref> of his government. [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] committed himself to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing ''[[sharia]]'' law.<ref name="Kepel-10022" /> Zia established separate Shariat judicial courts<ref name=":92" /> and court benches<ref name="HRWdouble-192">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIUwZ4aVM8AC&q=%22International+Commission+of+Jurists%22+pakistan+Zia-ul-Haq&pg=PA17|title=Double Jeopardy: Police Abuse of Women in Pakistan|date=1992|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=19|isbn=9781564320636|access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="United Book Press2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&q=zia+ul+haq&pg=PA132|title=Pakistan: between mosque and military|last=Haqqani|first=Husain|publisher=United Book Press|year=2005|isbn=9780870032851|location=Washington D.C.|page=400}}</ref> to judge legal cases using Islamic doctrine.<ref name="wynbr-20092">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb_t6l9|url-access=registration|quote=a brief history of pakistan zia bolster ulama.|title=A Brief History of Pakistan|date=2009|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=9780816061846|pages=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb_t6l9/page/216 216]–7|last1=Wynbrandt|first1=James}}</ref> New criminal offences (of adultery, fornication, and types of blasphemy), and new punishments (of whipping, amputation, and stoning to death), were added to Pakistani law. [[Riba|Interest]] payments for bank accounts were replaced by "profit and loss" payments. ''[[Zakat]]'' charitable donations became a 2.5% annual tax. School textbooks and libraries were overhauled to remove un-Islamic material.<ref name="jones-16-72">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn|url-access=registration|quote=zia giving him a free hand to ignore internationally accepted human rights norms.|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn/page/16 16]–7|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|isbn=9780300097603}}</ref>  Offices, schools, and factories were required to offer praying space.<ref name="Paracha-20092">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/812995/pious-follies|title=Pious follies|date=3 September 2009|website=Dawn.com|last1=Paracha|first1=Nadeem F.|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> Zia bolstered the influence of the ''[[ulama]]'' (Islamic clergy) and the Islamic parties,<ref name="wynbr-20092" /> whilst conservative scholars became fixtures on television.<ref name="Paracha-20092" /> 10,000s of activists from the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] party were appointed to government posts to ensure the continuation of his agenda after his passing.<ref name="Kepel-10022" /><ref name="wynbr-20092" /><ref name="jones-162">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn|url-access=registration|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn/page/16 16]–7|quote=... Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|isbn=9780300097603}}</ref><ref name="nasr-952">{{cite book|url=http://www.chicagobooth.edu/~/media/E49831A1165C49EBA902C83648F0CE36.pdf|title=ISLAMIZATION AND THE PAKISTANI ECONOMY|date=2004|publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center or Scholars|page=95|chapter=Islamization, the State and Development|quote=General Zia became the patron of Islamization in Pakistan and for the first time in the country’s history, opened the bureaucracy, the military, and various state institutions to Islamic parties|last1=Nasr|first1=Vali|editor2-last=Lee|editor2-first=Wilson|editor1-last=Hathaway|editor1-first=Robert|access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Conservative ''[[ulama]]'' (Islamic scholars) were added to the [[Council of Islamic Ideology]].<ref name="HRWdouble-192" /> Separate electorates for [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hindus]] and [[Christianity in Pakistan|Christians]] were established in 1985 even though Christian and Hindu leaders complained that they felt excluded from the county's political process.<ref name="OBJ-312">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn|url-access=registration|quote=separate electorates for minorities in pakistan.|title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300101473|page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn/page/31 31]|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|access-date=9 December 2014}}</ref>

Zia's state sponsored Islamization increased sectarian divisions in Pakistan between [[Sunnis]] and [[Shias]] and between [[Deobandis]] and [[Barelvis]].<ref name="talbot-251-islamization2">{{cite book|title=Pakistan, a Modern History|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanmodernhi00talb|url-access=registration|date=1998|publisher=St.Martin's Press|location=NY|page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistanmodernhi00talb/page/251 251]|quote=The state sponsored process of Islamisation dramatically increased sectarian divisions not only between [[Sunni]]s and [[Shia]] over the issue of the 1979 ''Zakat'' Ordinance, but also between [[Deobandi]]s and [[Barelvi]]s.|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|isbn=9780312216061}}</ref> A solid majority of [[Barelvis]] had supported the creation of Pakistan,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&q=barelvi+ulema+pakistan+movement&pg=PA167|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|last1=Long|first1=Roger D.|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal|last3=Samad|first3=Yunas|last4=Talbot|first4=Ian|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317448204|pages=167|quote=In the 1940s a solid majority of the Barelvis were supporters of the Pakistan Movement and played a supporting role in its final phase (1940-7), mostly under the banner of the All-India Sunni Conference which had been founded in 1925.}}</ref> and [[Barelvi]] [[ulama]] had also issued fatwas in support of the [[Pakistan Movement]] during the 1946 elections,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgFeAwAAQBAJ&q=Barelvi+ulema+pakistan+movement&pg=PA135|title=The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State|last=Cesari|first=Jocelyne|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781107513297|pages=135|quote=For example, the Barelvi ulama supported the formation of the state of Pakistan and thought that any alliance with Hindus (such as that between the Indian National Congress and the Jamiat ulama-I-Hind [JUH]) was counterproductive.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC&q=Barelvi+ulama+1946+elections&pg=PA87|title=Pakistan: The Struggle Within|last=John|first=Wilson|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2009|isbn=9788131725047|pages=87|quote=During the 1946 election, Barelvi Ulama issued fatwas in favour of the Muslim League.}}</ref> but ironically Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of [[Deobandi]] (and later Ahl-e-Hadith/[[Salafi]]) institutions.<ref name=":102">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&q=barelvi+ulema+pakistan+movement&pg=PA379|title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan|last1=Syed|first1=Jawad|last2=Pio|first2=Edwina|last3=Kamran|first3=Tahir|last4=Zaidi|first4=Abbas|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=9781349949663|pages=379|quote=Ironically, Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of Deobandi, and more recently Ahl-e Hadith/Salafi, institutions. Only a few Deobandi clerics decided to support the Pakistan Movement, but they were highly influential.}}</ref> This was despite the fact that only a few (although influential) [[Deobandi]] clerics had supported the [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref name=":102" /> Zia-ul-Haq forged a strong alliance between the [[Pakistan army|military]] and [[Deobandi]] institutions.<ref name=":102" /> In Pakistan, actors who have been identified by the state as moderate Sufis—such as the Barelwis, a movement founded in the 19th century in response to conservative reformers such as the Deobandis—mobilized after the government's call from 2009 onwards to save the soul of Pakistan from creeping “Talibanization.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Philippon|first=Alix|date=2018-12-13|title=Positive branding and soft power: The promotion of Sufism in the war on terror|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/12/13/positive-branding-and-soft-power-the-promotion-of-sufism-in-the-war-on-terror/|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Brookings|language=en-US}}</ref>

Possible motivations for the Islamization programme included [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia's]] personal piety (most accounts agree that he came from a religious family),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&q=zia+ul+haq&pg=PA132|title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military|last=Haqqani|first=Husain|publisher=Carnegie Endowment|year=2010|isbn=9780870032851|pages=132}}</ref> desire to gain political allies, to "fulfill Pakistan's ''raison d'être''" as a Muslim state, and/or the political need to legitimise what was seen by some Pakistanis as his "repressive, un-representative martial law regime".<ref name="talbot-2862">{{cite book|title=Pakistan, a Modern History|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanmodernhi00talb|url-access=registration|date=1998|publisher=St.Martin's Press|location=NY|page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistanmodernhi00talb/page/286 286]|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|isbn=9780312216061 }}</ref>

Until the government of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, "Islamic activists" were frustrated by the lack of "teeth" to enforce Islamic law in Pakistan's constitution. For example, in the 1956 constitution, the state did not enforce "Islamic moral standards" but "endeavor[ed]" to make them compulsory and to "prevent" prostitution, gambling, consumption of alcoholic liquor, etc. Interest was to be eliminated "as soon as possible".<ref>quoting article 25, 28, 29, 198 of the 1956 Constitution of Pakistan</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1=Charles|title=Islamization of Laws and Economy, Case Studies on Pakistan|date=1996|publisher=Institute of Policy Studies, The Islamic Foundation|ref=CKILE|pages=84–5}}</ref>

According to Shajeel Zaidi a million people attended Zia ul Haq's funeral because he had given them what they wanted: more religion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/38972/in-defence-of-ziaul-haq/|title=In defence of Ziaul Haq|last=Zaidi|first=Shajeel|date=17 August 2016|work=Express Tribune}}</ref> A PEW opinion poll found that 84% of Pakistanis favoured making [[Sharia]] the official law of the land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-beliefs-about-sharia/|title=Chapter 1: Beliefs About Sharia|date=30 April 2013|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 December 2016}}</ref> According to the 2013 [[Pew Research Center]] report, the majority of Pakistani Muslims also support the death penalty for those who leave Islam (62%). In contrast, support for the death penalty for those who leave Islam was only 36% in fellow South Asian Muslim country Bangladesh (which shared heritage with Pakistan).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/05/01/64-percent-of-muslims-in-egypt-and-pakistan-support-the-death-penalty-for-leaving-islam/|title=Majorities of Muslims in Egypt and Pakistan support the death penalty for leaving Islam|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=4 December 2016}}</ref> A 2010 opinion poll by PEW Research Centre also found that 87% of Pakistanis considered themselves 'Muslims first' rather than a member of their nationality. This was the highest figure amongst all Muslim populations surveyed. In contrast only 67% in [[Jordan]], 59% in [[Egypt]], 51% in [[Turkey]], 36% in [[Indonesia]] and 71% in [[Nigeria]] considered themselves as 'Muslim first' rather than a member of their own nationality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2006/07/06/muslims-in-europe-economic-worries-top-concerns-about-religious-and-cultural-identity/254-5/|title=What Do You Consider Yourself First?|date=31 March 2010|website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425074821/https://www.pewglobal.org/2006/07/06/muslims-in-europe-economic-worries-top-concerns-about-religious-and-cultural-identity/254-5/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

"Islamic activists" such as much or the [[ulama]] (Islamic clerics) and [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] (Islamist party), support the expansion of "Islamic law and Islamic practices".  "Islamic Modernists" are lukewarm to this expansion and "some may even advocate development along the secularist lines of the West."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Charles |title=Islamization of Laws and Economy, Case Studies on Pakistan |date=1996|publisher=Institute of Policy Studies, The Islamic Foundation |ref=CKILE|page=83}}</ref>