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J'ouvert
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=== Peace Preservation Act === In 1884, the colonial government passed the [[Peace Preservation Act]]''',''' which prohibited public carrying of torches, drumming, blowing horns, and stick-fighting (or the assembly of ten or more people with sticks).<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jan 30, 1884 |title=Submits Ordinance No. 1 of 1884: Peace Preservation. To empower the Governor to prohibit the public carrying of lighted torches at the Carnival, and for the preservation of the peace. Proclamation approved. |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10744614 |website=UK National Archives}}</ref> Many J'ouvert traditions may come from reactions to the prohibitions of the Peace Preservation Act. For instance, [[tamboo bamboo]] was introduced in the late 1880s as substitute for the drums and sticks.<ref name=":112"/> Tamboo bamboo bands developed and became the primary [[percussion instrument]] of Carnival.<ref name=":15"/><ref name=":112"/> Additional instruments were developed to replace the banned drums, and percussion was achieve through use of metal and other items as well.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Gall |first=Sharon Le |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc3FBQAAQBAJ&dq=j'ouvert+1884+time&pg=PT20 |title=Intellectual Property, Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Property Protection: Cultural Signifiers in the Caribbean and the Americas |date=2014-01-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-02664-5 |language=en}}</ref> The history of J'ouvert's improvised instruments is celebrated today with the use of whistles, cowbells, bottles, and home-made instruments.<ref name=":15" /> The Peace Preservation Act also established the official start of Carnival as 6:00 A.M.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Immigration and the Political Economy of Home |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=kt5w102068&chunk.id=ss2.07&toc.id=fm03&brand=ucpress |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=publishing.cdlib.org}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Onyebadi |first=Uche |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkNxEAAAQBAJ&q=Sunday+midnight+to+6:00+a.m.+Monday |title=Political Messaging in Music and Entertainment Spaces across the Globe. Volume 1. |date=2022-09-06 |publisher=Vernon Press |isbn=978-1-64889-471-8 |language=en}}</ref> This likely explains the early-morning start time of J'ouvert. Canboulay had traditionally been a nighttime celebration,<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":112"/> but after the Peace Preservation Act effectively banned Canboulay, Afro-Trinidadians began celebrating a reinterpretation of Canboulay beginning at 6:00 A.M. on Carnival Monday.<ref name=":16" /> Some historians claim that revelers took advantage of the pre-dawn darkness and began festivities before 6:00 A.M.βand that this secret and rebellious celebration is the origin of J'ouvert.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stuempfle |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aG2p6Adax0QC&dq=j'ouvert+soucouyant&pg=PA26 |title=The Steelband Movement: The Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and Tobago |date=1995 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-3329-2 |language=en}}</ref> Today, J'ouvert in the Caribbean typically begins before dawn.<ref name=":32"/>
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