Editing Jabberwocky (section)

==Translations==
[[Image:Jabberwocky creatures.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[John Tenniel]]'s illustration for the poem.]]

===History===
"Jabberwocky" has been translated into 65 languages.<ref>Lindseth, Jon A. – Tannenbaum, Alan (eds.): ''Alice in a World of Wonderlands: The Translations of Lewis Carroll's Masterpiece'', vol. I, p. 747. New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-58456-331-0}}.</ref> The translation might be difficult because the poem holds to English syntax and many of the principal words of the poem are invented. Translators have generally dealt with them by creating equivalent words of their own. Often these are similar in spelling or sound to Carroll's while respecting the [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] of the language they are being translated into. In Frank L. Warrin's French translation, "'Twas brillig" becomes "Il brilgue". In instances like this, both the original and the invented words echo actual words of Carroll's [[lexicon]], but not necessarily ones with similar meanings. Translators have invented words which draw on root words with meanings similar to the English roots used by Carroll. [[Douglas Hofstadter]] noted in his essay "Translations of Jabberwocky", the word 'slithy', for example, echoes the English 'slimy', 'slither', 'slippery', 'lithe' and 'sly'. A French translation that uses 'lubricilleux' for 'slithy', evokes French words like 'lubrifier' (to lubricate) to give an impression of a meaning similar to that of Carroll's word. In his exploration of the translation challenge, Hofstadter asks "what if a word does exist, but it is very intellectual-sounding and Latinate ('lubricilleux'), rather than earthy and Anglo-Saxon ('slithy')? Perhaps 'huilasse' would be better than 'lubricilleux'? Or does the Latin origin of the word 'lubricilleux' not make itself felt to a speaker of French in the way that it would if it were an English word ('lubricilious', perhaps)? ".<ref name="Hofstadter"/>

Hofstadter also notes that it makes a great difference whether the poem is translated in isolation or as part of a translation of the novel. In the latter case the translator must, through Humpty Dumpty, supply explanations of the invented words. But, he suggests, "even in this pathologically difficult case of translation, there seems to be some rough equivalence obtainable, a kind of rough [[Isomorphism (sociology)|isomorphism]], partly global, partly local, between the brains of all the readers".<ref name="Hofstadter">{{cite book | first = Douglas R. | last = Hofstadter | year = 1980 | title = Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid | chapter = Translations of Jabberwocky | chapter-url = http://www76.pair.com/keithlim/jabberwocky/poem/hofstadter.html| isbn = 0-394-74502-7 | publisher = Vintage Books | location = New York, NY}}</ref>

In 1967, D.G. Orlovskaya wrote a popular Russian translation of  "Jabberwocky" entitled "Barmaglot" ("Бармаглот"). She translated "Barmaglot" for "Jabberwock", "Brandashmyg" for "Bandersnatch" while "myumsiki" ("мюмзики") echoes "mimsy". Full translations of "Jabberwocky" into French and German can be found in ''[[The Annotated Alice]]'' along with a discussion of why some translation decisions were made.<ref>M. Gardner, ed., The Annotated Alice, 1960; London: Penguin 1970, p. 193f.</ref> [[Chao Yuen Ren]], a Chinese linguist, translated the poem into Chinese<ref>{{Cite journal
|doi=10.2307/2718830|title=Dimensions of Fidelity in Translation With Special Reference to Chinese|last=Chao|first=Yuen Ren|author-link=Yuen Ren Chao|journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies|volume=29|year=1969|pages=109–130|publisher=Harvard-Yenching Institute|jstor=2718830}}</ref> by inventing characters to imitate what [[Rob Gifford]] of [[National Public Radio]] refers to as the "slithy toves that gyred and gimbled in the wabe of Carroll's original".<ref>[[Rob Gifford|Gifford, Rob]]. "The Great Wall of the Mind." ''China Road''. [[Random House]]. 2008. 237.</ref> [[Satyajit Ray]], a film-maker, translated the work into [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>Robinson, Andrew (2004) ''Satyajit Ray''. I.B. Tauris p29</ref> and [[concrete poet]] [[Augusto de Campos]] created a Brazilian Portuguese version. There is also an Arabic translation<ref>Wael Al-Mahdi (2010) [http://waelalmahdi.com/?p=402 Jabberwocky in Arabic]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Almahdi |first=Wael |title=The Jabberwocky in Arabic – Version 2 (2023) |url=http://waelalmahdi.com/the-jabberwocky-in-arabic-version-2-2023/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> by Wael Al-Mahdi, and at least two into [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Priča o Hudodraku, Karazubu i Jabberwockyju|url=http://www.booksa.hr/kolumne/crv-u-kamenu/prica-o-hudodraku-karazubu-i-jabberwockyju|language=hr|publisher=Kulturtreger / KK Booksa|date=2011-09-24}}</ref> Multiple translations into [[Latin]] were made within the first weeks of Carroll's original publication.<ref name="RAZ">{{cite web| last=Vansittart|first=Augustus Arthur |title=Mors Iabrochii |url=http://www.ruthannzaroff.com/wonderland/jabberwocky.htm| work=Jabberwocky |editor=Zaroff, Ruth Ann|location=London|language=la|year=1872}}</ref> In a 1964 article, [[M. L. West]] published two versions of the poem in [[Ancient Greek]] that exemplify the respective styles of the [[epic poets]] [[Homer]] and [[Nonnus]].<ref>[[M. L. West]], "Two Versions of Jabberwocky", ''Greece & Rome'' Vol. 11 No. 2, October 1964, pp. 185–187.</ref>

=== Sample translations ===
Sources:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waxdog.com/jabberwocky/translate.html |title=Jabberwocky Variations |publisher=waxdog.com |access-date=11 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217075708/http://www.waxdog.com/jabberwocky/translate.html |archive-date=17 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www76.pair.com/keithlim/jabberwocky/translations/ |title=jabberwocky/translations |publisher=76.pair.com |access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Carrol |first=Lewis |translator-last=Buckley |translator-first= Ramón |date=1984 |title=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland & Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice found there |trans-title=Las Aventuras de Alicia |language=es |publisher=Anaya |isbn=84-7525-171-4}}</ref>

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" border="1" 
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#efe9ef;"
|width=300px|Bulgarian<br />(Lazar Goldman & Stefan Gechev)
|width=300px|Danish 1<br />(Mogens Jermiin Nissen)<br />Jabberwocky
|width=300px|Danish 2<br />(Arne Herløv Petersen)<br />Kloppervok
|-
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:{{lang|bg|Бе сгладне и честлинните комбурси}}
:{{lang|bg|търляха се и сврецваха във плите;}}
:{{lang|bg|съвсем окласни бяха тук щурпите}}
:{{lang|bg|и отма равапсатваха прасурси}}.
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Et slidigt gravben vridrede
:i brumringen på tidvis plent,
:og lappingen var vaklig, og
:det borte grøfgrin grent.
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:I glummert lys den slyge spæg
:stod gomrende og glim.
:I børkens dyb stod mamren fjæg
:og bungrede i skim.
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#efe9ef;"
|Esperanto <br />([[Marjorie Boulton]])<br />La Ĵargonbesto
|Turkish <br />(Nihal Yeğinobalı)<br />Ejdercenkname
|Finnish 1<br />(Kirsi Kunnas & Eeva-Liisa Manner, 1974)<br />Pekoraali
|-
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Brilumis, kaj la ŝlirtaj melfoj
:en la iejo ĝiris, ŝraŭis;
:mizaris la maldikdudelfoj,
:forfuraj ratjoj vaŭis.
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:akşamözdü, yavışkan burguleler
:döndeleyip cermelerken günsatba
:uyudüşmüş kalmışlardı karpüsler
:yemizler derseniz ak-ök begirba
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:On illanpaisto, ja silkavat saijat
:luopoissa pirkeinä myörien ponkii:
:surheisna kaikk' kirjuvat lorokaijat
:ja vossut lonkaloisistansa ulos vonkii.
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#efe9ef;"
|Finnish 2<br />(Matti Rosvall, 1999)<br />Jabberwocky<ref>This rendering comes from Rosvall's [[Finnish language|Finnish]] translation of [[Fredric Brown]]'s novel ''Night of the Jabberwock'' (''Syntipukin yö'').</ref>
|Finnish 3<br />(Alice Martin, 2010)<br />Monkerias
|French<br />(Frank L. Warrin)
|-
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Kyryissä mäiden myryt parvat
:ripoen kormivat pällyissään.
:Vilhujen borogrovien karvat
:talsoivat – ne niin sällyissään.
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Jo koitti kuumon aika, ja viukkaat puhvenet
:päinillä harpitellen kieruloivat,
:haipeloina seisoksivat varakuhvenet,
:ja öksyt muvut kaikki hinkuroivat.
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Il brilgue: les tôves lubricilleux
:Se gyrent en vrillant dans le guave.
:Enmîmés sont les gougebosqueux
:Et le mômerade horsgrave.
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#efe9ef;"
|Georgian<br />(Giorgi Gokieli)<br />{{lang|ka|ტარტალოკი}}
|German<br />(Robert Scott)
|Hebrew 1<br />(Aharon Amir)<br />{{script/Hebrew|פִּטְעוֹנִי}}
|-
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:{{lang|ka|მიმწუხარშდა. მოქნიალა სლუკები}}
:{{lang|ka|ზილობდნენ და ძვრიალებდნენ მარეხვში;}}
:{{lang|ka|საბუდავად ცხოვდნენ ბარდალუკები,}}
:{{lang|ka|ვით ფშუნები სურდაბილის გარეშე.}}
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Es brillig war. Die schlichten Toven
:Wirrten und wimmelten in Waben;
:Und aller-mümsige Burggoven
:Die mohmen Räth' ausgraben.
| dir=rtl style="vertical-align: top;"|
:{{script/Hebrew|בְעֵת בָשָׁק וּשְׁלֵי פַּחְזָר}},
:{{script/Hebrew|בְּאַפְסֵי־חָק סָבְסוּ, מָקְדוּ}},
:{{script/Hebrew|אוֹ אָז חִלְכֵּן הָיָה נִמְזַר}},
:{{script/Hebrew|וּמְתֵי־עָרָן כֵּרְדוּ}}.
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#efe9ef;"
|Hebrew 2<br />(Rina Litvin)<br />{{script/Hebrew|גֶּבֶרִיקָא}}
|Icelandic<br />(Valdimar Briem)<br />Rausuvokkskviða
|Irish<br />([[Nicholas Williams (Celticist)|Nicholas Williams]])<br />An Gheabairleog
|-
| dir=rtl style="vertical-align: top;"|
:{{script/Hebrew|הִבְרִיל כְבָר, זַחְלָצִים קְלִיחִים}}
:{{script/Hebrew|חָגְווּ וְעָגוּ בַּשְּׁבִילֵל,}}
:{{script/Hebrew|מַסִּים הָיוּ הַסְּמַרְלַחִים}}
:{{script/Hebrew|וְחֶזְרוֹנִי צִרְלֵל.}}
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Það leið að stekju, og slýgir greðlar
:sig snældu og böluðu um slöffruna,
:og angurvært sungu sópfiðrungar
:við sífgelt týðmana svíræna.
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Briollaic a bhí ann; bhí na tóibhí sleo
:ag gírleáil 's ag gimleáil ar an taof.
:B’an-chuama go deo na borragóibh
:is bhí na rádaí miseacha ag braíomh.
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#efe9ef;"
|Italian<br />(Adriana Crespi)<br />Il ciarlestrone
|Latin<br />(Hassard H. Dodgson)<br />Gaberbocchus
|Polish<br />([[Janusz Korwin-Mikke]])<br />Żabrołak
|-
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Era brillosto, e gli alacridi tossi
:succhiellavano scabbi nel pantúle:
:Méstili eran tutti i paparossi,
:e strombavan musando i tartarocchi.
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Hora aderat briligi. Nunc et Slythia Tova
:Plurima gyrabant gymbolitare vabo;
:Et Borogovorum mimzebant undique formae,
:Momiferique omnes exgrabuere Rathi.
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Błyszniało – szlisgich hopuch świr
:Tęczując w kałdach świtrzem wre,
:Mizgłupny był borolągw hyr,
:Chrząszczury wlizły młe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.agh.edu.pl/~szymon/jabberwocky.shtml|title=jabberwocky|publisher=home.agh.edu.pl|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref>
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#efe9ef;"
|Portuguese 1<br />([[Augusto de Campos]], 1980)<br />Jaguadarte<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Argenta |first1=Marinice |last2=Maggio |first2=Sandra Sirangelo |title=O enigma de "Jabberwocky" na tradução de Augusto de Campos para o português brasileiro |journal=Letrônica |date=26 June 2019 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=32027 |doi=10.15448/1984-4301.2019.1.32027|doi-access=free |hdl=10183/197310 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|Portuguese 2<br />(Oliveira Ribeiro Neto, 1984)<br />Algaravia<ref name="algaravia">{{cite web |title=A arte de traduzir Lewis Carroll – Revista Bravo – Blog da Psicologia da Educação |url=https://www.ufrgs.br/psicoeduc/variados/traduzir-lewis-carroll/ |website=Blog da Psicologia da Educação |publisher=UFRGS |access-date=1 November 2020 |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
|Portuguese 3<br />(Ricardo Gouveia)<br />Blablassauro<ref name="algaravia" />
|-
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Era briluz. As lesmolisas touvas
:Roldavam e reviam nos gramilvos.
:Estavam mimsicais as pintalouvas,
:E os momirratos davam grilvos.
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Era o auge e as rolas brilhantes
:Pelo ar giravam, giravam.
:Palhaços davam pinotes,
:Os montes se amontoava.
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Brilumia e colescosos touvos
:No capimtanal se giroscavam;
:Miquíticos eram os burrogouvos,
:E os mamirathos extrapitavam.
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#efe9ef;"
|Russian<br />(Dina Orlovskaya)
|Spanish 1<br />(Ulalume González de León)<br />El Jabberwocky
|Spanish 2<br />(Adolfo de Alba)<br />El Jabberwocky
|-
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Варкалось. Хливкие шорьки
:Пырялись по наве,
:И хрюкотали зелюки,
:Как мюмзики в мове.
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Era la parrillhora y los flexiosos tovos
:en el cesplejos giroscopiaban, vibrhoradaban.
:Frivoserables estaban los borogovos
:y los verchinos telehogariados relinchiflaban.
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Era la asarvesperia y los flexilimosos toves
:giroscopiaban taledrando en el vade;
:debilmiseros estaban los borogoves;
:bramatchisilban los verdilechos parde.
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#efe9ef;"
|Spanish 3<br />(Ramón Buckley, 1984)<br />El Fablistanón
|Welsh<br />(Selyf Roberts)<br />Siaberwoci
|American Sign Language (ASL)
(Eric Malzkuhn, 1939)
|-
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Borgotaba. Los viscoleantes toves
:rijando en la solea, tadralaban...
:Misébiles estaban los borgoves
:y algo momios los verdos bratchilbaban
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
:Mae'n brydgell ac mae'r brochgim stwd
:Yn gimblo a gyrian yn y mhello:
:Pob cólomrws yn féddabwd,
:A'r hoch oma'n chwibruo.
|Due to no written language in ASL, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190529230953/http://www.sorensonvrs.com/ericm view video] to see translation of Jabberwocky. (Performed in 1994)
See [https://web.archive.org/web/20160922040138/http://www.formsofcouncil.org/en/inquiries/30_tacet/784_space_time_and_gesture  this link] for explanation of techniques used by Eric Malzkuhn
|}