Editing Jacobitism (section)

=== England and Wales ===
{{Toryism |expanded=general}}
In England and Wales, Jacobitism was often associated with the [[Tories (British political party)|Tories]], many of whom supported James's right to the throne during the [[Exclusion Crisis]]. Tory ideology implied that neither "time nor statute law [...] could ameliorate the sin of usurpation",{{sfn|Szechi|1994|p=64}} while shared Tory and Jacobite themes of divine right and sacred kingship may have provided an alternative to [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]] concepts of "liberty and property".{{sfn|Brown|2002|p=62}} A minority of academics, including [[Eveline Cruickshanks]], have argued that until the late 1750s the Tories were a crypto-Jacobite party; others, that Jacobitism was a "limb of Toryism".{{sfn|McLynn|1985|p=81}} However, the supremacy of the Church of England was also central to Tory ideology, and James lost their support when his policies seemed to threaten that primacy. The [[Act of Settlement 1701]] excluding Catholics from the English throne was passed by a Tory administration; for the vast majority, Stuart Catholicism was an insuperable barrier to active support, while the Tory doctrine of non-resistance also discouraged them from supporting the exiles against a reigning monarch.{{sfn|McLynn|1982|p=98}}

[[File:Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (1678).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Tory minister and Jacobite [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke|Lord Bolingbroke]]; driven into exile in 1715 and pardoned in 1720]]

For most of the period from 1690 to 1714, Parliament was either controlled by the Tories, or evenly split with the Whigs; when [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] succeeded Anne, most hoped to reconcile with the new regime. The [[John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1675–1732)|Earl of Mar]], who led the 1715 rising, observed "Jacobitisme, which they used to brand the Tories with, is now I presum out of doors".{{sfn|Colley|1985|p=26}} However, George blamed the 1710-to-1714 Tory government for the [[Peace of Utrecht]], which he viewed as damaging to his home state of [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]]. His isolation of former Tory ministers like [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke|Lord Bolingbroke]] and the Earl of Mar drove them first into opposition, then exile. Their exclusion from power between 1714 and 1742 led many Tories to remain in contact with the Jacobite court, which they saw as a potential tool for changing or pressuring the existing government.{{sfn|McLynn|1982|p=107}}

In 1715, there were co-ordinated celebrations on 29 May, [[Oak Apple Day|Restoration Day]], and 10 June, James Stuart's birthday, especially in Tory-dominated towns like [[Bristol]], [[Oxford]], [[Manchester]] and [[Norwich]], although they remained quiet in the 1715 Rising. In the 1730s many 'Jacobite' demonstrations in Wales and elsewhere were driven by local tensions, especially hostility to [[Methodism]], and featured attacks on Nonconformist chapels.{{sfn|Rogers|1982|pp=70–88}} Most English participants in 1715 came from traditionally Catholic areas in the northwest, such as [[Lancashire]].{{sfn|Oates|2016|pp=97–98}} By 1720 there were fewer than 115,000 in England and Wales, and most remained loyal in 1745, including the [[Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk|Duke of Norfolk]], head of the English Catholic community, sentenced to death for his role in 1715 but pardoned.{{sfn|Yates|2014|pp=37–38}} Even so, sympathies were complex; Norfolk's agent Andrew Blood joined the [[Manchester Regiment (Jacobite)|Manchester Regiment]], and he later employed another ex-officer, John Sanderson, as his master of horse.{{sfn|Monod|1993|p=134}} English Catholics continued to provide the exiles with financial support well into the 1770s.{{sfn|Szechi|1994|pp=18–19}}

In 1689, around 2% of clergy in the Church of England refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary; one list identifies a total of 584 clergy, schoolmasters and university dons as [[Nonjuring schism|Non Jurors]].{{sfn|Overton|1902|pp=467–496}} This almost certainly understates their numbers, for many sympathisers remained within the Church of England, but Non Jurors were disproportionately represented in Jacobite risings and riots, and provided many "martyrs". By the late 1720s arguments over doctrine and the death of its originators reduced the church to a handful of scattered congregations, but several of those executed in 1745 came from Manchester, the last significant assembly in England.{{sfn|Szechi|1994|p=19}}

[[Quaker]] leader [[William Penn]] was a prominent non-conformist supporter of James, although this was based on their personal relationship and did not survive his deposition. Another element in English Jacobitism was a handful of disaffected radicals, for whom the exiled Stuarts provided a potential alternative to the Whig establishment. An example was John Matthews, a Jacobite printer executed in 1719; his pamphlet ''Vox Populi vox Dei'' emphasised the [[Lockean]] theory of the [[social contract]], a doctrine very few Tories of the period would have supported.{{sfn|Colley|1985|p=28}}