Editing James Turrell (section)

===Skyspaces===
{{Main|Skyspace}}
In the 1970s, Turrell began his series of "skyspaces" enclosed spaces open to the sky through an aperture in the roof. A ''[[Skyspace]]'' is an enclosed room large enough for roughly 15 people. Inside, the viewers sit on benches along the edge to view the sky through an opening in the roof.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Thompson|first=Henrietta|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/art/james-turrell-light-chamber-ultimate-at-home-art-installation/|title=Why a James Turrell 'light chamber' is the ultimate at-home art installation|date=February 11, 2020|work=The Telegraph|access-date=March 27, 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> As a lifelong [[Quaker]], Turrell designed the [[Live oak friends meeting|Live Oak Meeting House]] for the Society of Friends, with an opening or skyhole in the roof, wherein the notion of light takes on a decidedly religious connotation. (See PBS documentary). His work ''Meeting'' (1986) at [[MoMA PS1|P.S. 1]], which consists of a square room with a rectangular opening cut directly into the ceiling, is a recreation of such a meeting house.<ref>[http://ps1.org/exhibitions/view/170 James Turrell: ''Meeting'', 1986] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925100328/http://ps1.org/exhibitions/view/170 |date=September 25, 2011 }} P.S.1, New York.</ref> In 2013, Turrell created another Quaker skyspace, ''Greet the Light'', at the newly rebuilt [[Chestnut Hill Friends Meeting]] in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://chestnuthillskyspace.org/about/ | title = The Skyspace| publisher = Chestnut Hill Friends Meeting | access-date = August 28, 2014}}</ref>

[[File:James Turrel - space that sees.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''Space That Sees'', at [[Israel Museum]], Jerusalem]]
In a ''New York Times'' article on L.A. collectors building skyspaces in their backyards, Jori Finkel describes a skyspace as a "celestial viewing room designed to create the rather magical illusion that the sky is within reach – stretched like a canvas across an opening in the ceiling".<ref>Finkel, Jori. [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/24/arts/design/five-bedrooms-pool-and-custombuilt-skyspace.html "Five Bedrooms, Pool and Custom-Built Skyspace.]" The New York Times. April 24, 2005</ref>

In 1992, Turrell's ''Irish Sky Garden'' opened at the Liss Ard Estate,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lissardestate.com | title = The Estate| publisher = Liss Ard Estate | access-date = July 18, 2013}}</ref> Skibbereen, Co Cork, Ireland. The giant earth and stoneworks has a crater at its center. A visitor enters through a doorway in the perimeter of the rim, walks through a passage and climbs stairs to enter,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lissardestate.com/liss-ard-gardens.html |title=Gardens |publisher=Liss Ard Estate |access-date=July 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530041356/http://www.lissardestate.com/liss-ard-gardens.html |archive-date=May 30, 2013 }}</ref> then lies on the central plinth and looks upwards to experience the sky framed by the rim of the crater. "The most important thing is that inside turns into outside and the other way around, in the sense that relationships between the Irish landscape and sky changes" (James Turrell).<ref>{{cite web
 |url          = http://www.orbit.zkm.de/?q=node/310
 |title        = James Turrell Irish Sky Garden
 |date         = May 1, 2006
 |website      = Space Place
 |access-date  = March 9, 2023
 |archive-date = January 20, 2022
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20220120135041/http://www.orbit.zkm.de/?q=node/310
 |url-status   = dead
}}</ref>

In 2001, Turrell made a “sky room” and pool for Nora and [[Norman C. Stone|Norman Stone]] in Napa Valley, in which visitors swim through a tunnel into the outdoor pool, where an aperture in the roof displays a perfect slice of sky.<ref name="ft.com">{{Cite news |date=2020-09-18 |title=Why swimming pools are making a splash in the art world |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0a048094-ab64-4d62-b7cb-a6c8d157f8c8 |access-date=2023-03-09}}</ref>

Since 2009, Turrell's ''Third Breath, 2005'' is part of the permanent exhibition of the [[Centre for International Light Art]] (CILA) in [[Unna]], Germany. It is a ''[[camera obscura]]'', consisting of two rooms: In the lower, cubic room (Camera Obscura Space), the visitor sees an image of the sky which is being reflected through a lens on the ground. In the upper, cylindrical room (Sky Space), the sky can be seen directly through a hole in the ceiling.

''Three Gems'' (2005) at the [[de Young Museum]] is Turrell's first Skyspace to adopt the [[stupa]] form.<ref>[http://deyoung.famsf.org/about/james-turrell-three-gems-2005 James Turrell: ''Three Gems'', 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522223153/http://deyoung.famsf.org/about/james-turrell-three-gems-2005 |date=May 22, 2013 }} de Young Museum, San Francisco.</ref> At [[Houghton Hall]] in Norfolk, the [[David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley|Marquess of Cholmondeley]] commissioned a [[folly]] to the east of the great house. Turrell's Skyspace presents itself from the exterior as an oak-clad building raised on stilts. From the inside of the structure, the viewer's point of view is focused upwards and inevitably lured into contemplating the sky as framed by the open roof.<ref>Donald, Caroline. [http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/gardens/article3889802.ece "The new garden at Houghton Hall, King's Lynn, Norfolk,"]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} ''The Times'' (London). May 11, 2008.</ref>

Turrell's ''[[Dividing the Light]]'' (2007) incorporates both water and landscaping. This Skyspace is an open-air pavilion, with a canopy structure and aperture, lighting program, pool, and landscaping, situated in the Draper Courtyard at Pomona College.<ref name="Gopnik">{{cite news |last1=Gopnik |first1=Blake |title=James Turrell Makes the Sky Look Like a Pantone Chip |url=https://news.artnet.com/opinion/turrell-pomona-890429 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |publisher=ArtnetNews |date=March 14, 2017}}</ref> The {{convert|16|sqft|adj=on}} canopy aperture mirrors the continuous pool below, which is surrounded by granite seating and landscaping. At its opening, David Pagel of the [[Los Angeles Times]] called it "one of the best works of public art in recent memory".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turn on the light|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-oct-21-ca-turrell21-story.html|last=Pagel|first=David|date=October 21, 2007|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref>

His 2007 ''Deer Shelter Skyspace'' at [[Yorkshire Sculpture Park]] in England, commissioned by [[The Art Fund]], was awarded that year's 2007 [[Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture]].<ref name="MCT">{{cite web |title=Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture |url=https://www.marshchristiantrust.org/award/marsh-award-for-excellence-in-public-sculpture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402135402/https://www.marshchristiantrust.org/award/marsh-award-for-excellence-in-public-sculpture/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 2, 2019 |publisher=Marsh Christian Trust |access-date=April 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="YSP">{{cite web |title=James Turrell – Deer Shelter Skyspace |url=https://ysp.org.uk/openair/jamesturrell/deershelterskyspace |access-date=April 2, 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Other Skyspaces include the ''Kielder Skyspace'' (2000) on Cat Cairn in [[Kielder, Northumberland]], England; ''Knight Rise'' (2001) at the [[Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art]]; ''SkySpace at Earl Neal Plaza'' (2004) at the University of Illinois at Chicago; <ref>https://cada.uic.edu/schedule/james-turrell-in-light/</ref>''Sky Pesher'' (2005) at the [[Walker Art Center]];<ref name="sky-pesher">{{Cite web | url=https://walkerart.org/collections/artworks/sky-pesher-2005 | title=James Turrell - Sky Pesher | year=2005}}</ref> ''Second Wind'' (2005) in [[Vejer de la Frontera]], Spain; the ''Sky-Space'' (2006) in [[Salzburg]], Austria; ''The other Horizon'' (2004) in [[Vienna]], Austria ([[Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna|MAK]]-Branch Geymüllerschlössel);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mak.at/en/maklitereloaded?event_id=1542957245546|title=James Turrell: MAKlite Reloaded – MAK Museum Vienna|website=www.mak.at|language=en|access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref> ''Within Without'' (2010) at the [[National Gallery of Australia]] in Canberra;<ref>{{cite web |title=James Turrell - Within without |url=https://searchthecollection.nga.gov.au/object/200287 |publisher=National Gallery of Australia |access-date=24 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> ''La Brea Sky'' (2013) at [[Kayne Griffin Corcoran]];<ref>Steffie Nelson (28 May 13), [https://www.wmagazine.com/story/james-turrells-skyspace Seeing The Light at Kayne Griffin Corcoran] ''[[W (magazine)|W]]''.</ref><ref>Su Wu (17 November 2015), [https://www.wallpaper.com/art/seeing-the-light-james-turrell-unveils-new-work-at-kayne-griffin-cocoran-in-los-angeles Seeing the light: James Turrell unveils new work at Kayne Griffin Corcoran in LA] ''[[Wallpaper (magazine)|Wallpaper]]''.</ref> [[Hardanger Skyspace]] (2016) in Oystese (Norway), located by the Hardangerfjord and a part of [[The Art Centre Kabuso]]; the [[Skyspace Lech]] (2018) in Oberlech in [[Vorarlberg]] ([[Austria]]);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skyspace-lech.com/about/?lang=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928032744/https://www.skyspace-lech.com/about/?lang=en|url-status=usurped|archive-date=September 28, 2020|title=About • Skyspace Lech|website=Skyspace Lech|language=en-US|access-date=April 9, 2019}}</ref> the ''Ta Khut Skyspace'' (2021) in [[José Ignacio, Uruguay]];<ref>Zachary Weiss (2 December 2021), [https://www.vogue.com/article/posada-ayana-jose-ignacio-uruguay-james-turrell-tha-khut-skyspace-opening In Uruguay, James Turrell Debuts His Latest Shrine to Light at Posada Ayana] ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''.</ref> the [https://greenboxarts.org/skyspace/ Green Mountain Falls Skyspace] (2022) in [[Green Mountain Falls, Colorado]], USA; and at [[Friends Seminary]] (2023).<ref>Wallace Ludel (25 August 2022), [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/08/25/manhattan-private-school-to-unveil-james-turrell-work Manhattan private school to unveil James Turrell work] ''[[The Art Newspaper]]''.</ref>

The [[Walker Art Center]] restored its 2005 ''Sky Pesher'' work in 2023 and worked with Turrell to convert the original cold cathode tubes, which were becoming impossible to replace, with LED lights.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=King |first=Joe |date=December 26, 2023 |title=How Do You Care for an Artwork that Has No Physical Form? A Conversation on Media and Time-Based Works in the Walker's Collections |url=http://walkerart.org/magazine/how-do-you-care-for-an-artwork-that-has-no-physical-form-a-conversation-on-media-and-time-based-works-in-the-walkers-collections |access-date=December 26, 2023 |website=Walker Art Center}}</ref> The change allowed for a wider range of colors compared to the original that was "shades of tinted white" at sunrise and sunset; now the lighting program is multicolored. The seats in this installation are heated.<ref name=":0" />