Editing Karakalpak language (section)

==Phonology==
Karakalpak has 25 native consonant phonemes and regularly uses four non-native phonemes in loan words.  Non-native sounds are shown in parentheses.
[[Image:Karakalpak vowel chart.svg|thumb|right|250px|Karakalpak vowels, from {{Harvcoltxt|Menges|1947|p=?}}]]

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labials]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}<br />{{angbr|m/м}}
|{{IPA link|n}}<br />{{angbr|n/н}}
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}<br />{{angbr|ń/ң}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!{{small|voiceless}}
|{{IPA link|p}}<br />{{angbr|p/п}}
|{{IPA link|t}}<br />{{angbr|t/т}}
|
|{{IPA link|k}}<br />{{angbr|k/к}}
|{{IPA link|q}}<br />{{angbr|q/қ}}
|
|-
!{{small|voiced}}
|{{IPA link|b}}<br />{{angbr|b/б}}
|{{IPA link|d}}<br />{{angbr|d/д}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}<br />{{angbr|g/г}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Affricate]]
|
|({{IPA link|t͡s}})<br />{{angbr|c/ц}}
|({{IPA link|t͡ʃ}})<br />{{angbr|ch/ч}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
!{{small|voiceless}}
|({{IPA link|f}})<br />{{angbr|f/ф}}
|{{IPA link|s}}<br />{{angbr|s/с}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}<br />{{angbr|sh/ш}}
|{{IPA link|x}}<br />{{angbr|x/х}}
|
|{{IPA link|h}}<br />{{angbr|h/ҳ}}
|-
!{{small|voiced}}
|({{IPA link|v}})<br />{{angbr|v/в}}
|{{IPA link|z}}<br />{{angbr|z/з}}
|{{IPA link|ʒ}}<br />{{angbr|j/ж}}
|{{IPA link|ɣ}}<br />{{angbr|ǵ/ғ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}<br />{{angbr|l/л}}
|{{IPA link|j}}<br />{{angbr|y/й}}
|{{IPA link|w}}<br />{{angbr|w/ў}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}<br />{{angbr|r/р}}
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"| [[Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan="2"| [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! {{small|spread}} || {{small|rounded}}
! {{small|spread}} || {{small|rounded}}
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}<br />{{angbr|i/и}}
|{{IPA link|y}}<br />{{angbr|ú/ү}}
|{{IPA link|ɯ}}<br />{{angbr|ı/ы}}
|{{IPA link|u}}<br />{{angbr|u/у}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}<br />{{angbr|e/е}}
|{{IPA link|œ}}<br />{{angbr|ó/ө}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}<br />{{angbr|o/о}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|{{IPA link|æ}}<br />{{angbr|á/ә}}
|
|{{IPA link|a}}<br />{{angbr|a/а}}
|
|}
====Vowel harmony====

[[Vowel harmony]] functions in Karakalpak much as it does{{what|date=January 2022}} in other Turkic languages.  Words borrowed from [[Russian language|Russian]] or other languages may not observe rules of vowel harmony, but the following rules usually apply:{{fix|text=What are the rules for Karakalpak words?}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="1" | Vowel
! colspan="1" | May be followed by:
|-
| style="border-right-width: 1;" | {{IPA|a}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|a, ɯ}}
|-
| style="border-right-width: 1;" | {{IPA|æ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|e, i}}
|-
| style="border-right-width: 1;" | {{IPA|e}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|e, i}}
|-
| style="border-right-width: 1;" | {{IPA|i}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|e, i}}
|-
| style="border-right-width: 1;" | {{IPA|o}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|a, o, u, ɯ}}
|-
| style="border-right-width: 1;" | {{IPA|œ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|e, i, œ, y}}
|-
| style="border-right-width: 1;" | {{IPA|u}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|a, o, u}}
|-
| style="border-right-width: 1;" | {{IPA|y}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|e, œ, y}}
|-
| style="border-right-width: 1;" | {{IPA|ɯ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|a, ɯ}}
|}