Editing Kinsey scale (section)

== Impact and later developments ==
===General===
{{Main|Scales of sexual orientation}}

The Kinsey scale is credited as one of the first attempts to "acknowledge the diversity and fluidity of human sexual behavior" by illustrating that "sexuality does not fall neatly into the [[Dichotomy|dichotomous]] categories of exclusively heterosexual or exclusively homosexual."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Galupo |first=M. Paz |date=18 June 2014 |title=Sexual Minority Reflections on the Kinsey Scale and the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid: Conceptualization and Measurement |journal=Journal of Bisexuality |volume=14 |issue=3–4 |pages=404–432 |doi=10.1080/15299716.2014.929553 |s2cid=144321245}}</ref> Most studies regarding homosexuality, at the time, were conducted by medical professionals who were sought out by individuals that wanted to change their sexual orientation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sell |first1=Randall L. |last2=Petrulio |first2=Christian |year=1996 |title=Sampling Homosexuals, Bisexuals, Gays, and Lesbians for Public Health Research |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=31–47 |doi=10.1300/J082v30n04_02 |pmid=8738743}}</ref> Alfred Kinsey's publications on human sexuality, which encompasses the Kinsey scale, were widely advertised and had a huge impact on society's modern conceptions of sexuality, post–[[World War II]].<ref>''Sexual Revolution and the Politics of Gay Identity'', by Jeffery Escoffier. p. 167.</ref>

Galupo et al. argued, "Despite the availability of the Kinsey Scale, assessment via [[Sociocultural perspective|sociocultural]] labels (i.e., heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual) is the predominant modality for determining the sexual orientation of research participants."<ref name=":0" /> Many sexologists see the Kinsey scale as relevant to sexual orientation, but not comprehensive enough to cover all [[sexual identity]] aspects. Measures of sexual orientation do not always correlate with individuals' self-identification labels.<ref name=":0" /> As such, sexual identity involves more than one component and may also involve [[biological sex]] and [[gender identity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/sexual-orientation-gender-4329.htm |title=Sexual Orientation & Gender |publisher=Planned Parenthood |access-date=2012-09-06}}</ref> However, Bullough et al. argued that this "wide-scale public discussion of human sexuality" ultimately led Americans to challenge traditional [[heteronormative]] behaviors. His research and findings encouraged [[gay men]] and [[lesbian]]s to [[Coming out|come out]] by debunking much of the stigma revolved around homosexuality.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1023/B:ASEB.0000026627.24993.03| pmid=15129046|title = Sex Will Never be the Same: The Contributions of Alfred C. Kinsey| journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior| volume=33| issue=3| pages=277–286|year = 2004|last1 = Bullough|first1 = Vern L.| s2cid=45214914}}</ref>

Others have further defined the scale. In 1980, Michael Storms proposed a two dimensional chart with an X and Y axis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Evaluation of Models of Sexual Orientation |url=http://www.uwlax.edu/pridecenter/images/101/Eval%20of%20Models%20of%20Sexual%20Orientation.pdf |publisher=University of Wisconsin–La Crosse |access-date=September 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715130712/http://www.uwlax.edu/PrideCenter/images/101/Eval%20of%20Models%20of%20Sexual%20Orientation.pdf |archive-date=July 15, 2012 }}</ref> This scale explicitly takes into account the case of asexuality and the simultaneous expression of hetero-eroticism and homo-eroticism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siue.edu/~cbwilso/203misc4.jpg |title=Graph of Michael Storm Scale versus Kinsey Scale |publisher=Southern Illinois University Edwardsville |access-date=2012-09-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001438/http://www.siue.edu/~cbwilso/203misc4.jpg |archive-date=2013-12-03 }}</ref> Fritz Klein, in his [[Klein Sexual Orientation Grid]], included factors such as how orientation can change throughout a person's lifetime, as well as emotional and social orientation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americaninstituteofbisexuality.org/thekleingrid/|title=The Klein Grid|website=AIB|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-12}}</ref> Kinsey, Storm, and Klein are only three of more than 200 scales to measure and describe sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Sexuality-Related Measures|year=2000|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-4129-1336-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFPs55zfAKcC|author1=Clive M. Davis |author2=William L. Yarber |author3=Robert Bauserman |author4=George Schreer |author5=Sandra L. Davis }}</ref> For example, there are scales that rate homosexual behaviors from 1 to 14, and measures for gender, masculinity, femininity, and transgender identity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kinsey's Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale|url=http://www.iub.edu/~kinsey/research/ak-hhscale.html|publisher=The Kinsey Institute|access-date=September 6, 2012|archive-date=August 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817050313/http://www.iub.edu/~kinsey/research/ak-hhscale.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Sexuality-Related Measures|year=2000|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-4129-1336-2|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFPs55zfAKcC|author1=Clive M. Davis |author2=William L. Yarber |author3=Robert Bauserman |author4=George Schreer |author5=Sandra L. Davis }}</ref>

===Surveys and other studies===
There have been similar studies using a scale from 0 to 10. In such studies, the person would be asked a question such as "If 0 is completely gay and 10 is completely hetero, what is your orientation number?".<ref>Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity (2006) – Janbell L Caroll</ref>

A study published in 2014 aimed to explore "[[sexual minority]] individuals' qualitative responses regarding the ways in which the Kinsey Scale [...] captures (or fail to capture) their sexuality."<ref name=":0" /> Participants completed the [Kinsey] scale and then were asked to respond to the following question: "In what ways did this scale capture or fail to capture your sexuality?"<ref name=":0" /> "A diverse sample of sexual minority participants, including individuals who (1) identify outside the traditional sexual orientation labels (i.e. [[Pansexuality|pansexual]], [[queer]], fluid, [[Asexuality|asexual]]) and (2) identify as [[transgender]], were recruited to complete an online questionnaire."<ref name=":0" /> Participants represented a convenience sample of 285 individuals who self-identified as [[non-heterosexual]].<ref name=":0" /> "Approximately one third of participants self-identified primarily as [[Monosexuality|monosexual]] (31.5%), whereas 65.8% identified as [[nonmonosexual]], and 2.8% identified as asexual. Monosexual participants represented those who self-identified as lesbian (18.5%) or gay (12.2%) or homosexual (0.8%). Nonmonosexual participants included bisexual (24.1%), pansexual (16.8%), queer (19.6%), and fluid (1.4%) participants. A small minority of participants identified as 'other' (3.8%)."<ref name=":0" /> Participants represented all regions of the continental United States.<ref name=":0" /> For this study, the use of "X" was intended to describe asexuality or individuals who identify as nonsexual.<ref name=":0" />

A study published in 2017 questioned how people who do not identify as heterosexual felt about their representation on the Kinsey scale.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Galupo|first1=M. Paz|last2=Mitchell|first2=Renae C.|last3=Davis|first3=Kyle S.|date=2018-05-01|title=Face Validity Ratings of Sexual Orientation Scales by Sexual Minority Adults: Effects of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|language=en|volume=47|issue=4|pages=1241–1250|doi=10.1007/s10508-017-1037-y|pmid=28733825|s2cid=4040021|issn=0004-0002}}</ref> The study takes a group of minority individuals who sexually identify as something other than heterosexual, and has them rate the Kinsey scale according to how well they feel represented by their value.<ref name=":2" /> Each group gave it a rating between 1 and 5. In the results, the group that rated the scale the highest was the group that identified as lesbian or gay with a rating of 4.66.<ref name=":2" /> The bisexual group rated it lower at 3.78, and the pansexual/queer group gave it the lowest rating at 2.68.<ref name=":2" /> Another trend that the study noted was that [[cisgender]] participants on average rated themselves higher on the scale than transgender participants (where the authors use ''transgender'' as a category to describe participants of various trans and non-binary identities).<ref name=":2" /> Namely, the cisgender participants average rating was 4.09 while the transgender participants was 2.78.<ref name=":2" /> The authors also found that trans and non-binary participants rated the Kinsey scale to be a less valid measure of their sexual orientation than the cisgender participants, due to its reliance on binary terminology.<ref name=":2" />