Editing Knowledge (section)

=== Non-propositional ===
[[File:Bicycle ride.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of someone riding a bicycle|Knowing how to ride a bicycle is one form of non-propositional knowledge.]]
Non-propositional knowledge is knowledge in which no essential relation to a proposition is involved. The two most well-known forms are knowledge-how (know-how or [[procedural knowledge]]) and knowledge by acquaintance.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hetherington|2022a|loc=§ 1. Kinds of Knowledge}} | {{harvnb|Stroll|2023|loc=§ The Nature of Knowledge}} | {{harvnb|Stanley|Willlamson|2001|pp=[https://philpapers.org/rec/WILKHV 411–412]}} }}</ref> To possess knowledge-how means to have some form of practical [[ability]], skill, or [[Competence (human resources)|competence]],<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hetherington|2022a|loc=§ 1d. Knowing-How}} | {{harvnb|Pritchard|2013|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sfUhAQAAQBAJ 1 Some preliminaries]}} }}</ref> like knowing how to ride a bicycle or knowing how to swim. Some of the abilities responsible for knowledge-how involve forms of knowledge-that, as in knowing how to prove a [[Mathematics|mathematical]] theorem, but this is not generally the case.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Steup|Neta|2020|loc=§ 2.2 Knowing How}} | {{harvnb|Pavese|2022|loc=Lead Section, § 6. The Epistemology of Knowledge-How}} }}</ref> Some types of knowledge-how do not require a highly developed mind, in contrast to propositional knowledge, and are more common in the animal kingdom. For example, an [[ant]] knows how to walk even though it presumably lacks a mind sufficiently developed to represent the corresponding proposition.<ref name="auto6"/>{{efn|However, it is controversial to what extent goal-directed behavior in lower animals is comparable to human knowledge-how.{{sfn|Pavese|2022|loc=§ 7.4 Knowledge-How in Preverbal Children and Nonhuman Animals}}}}

Knowledge by acquaintance is familiarity with something that results from direct experiential contact.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hetherington|2022a|loc=§ 1a. Knowing by Acquaintance}} | {{harvnb|Stroll|2023|loc=§ St. Anselm of Canterbury}} | {{harvnb|Zagzebski|1999|p=92}} }}</ref> The object of knowledge can be a person, a thing, or a place. For example, by eating chocolate, one becomes acquainted with the taste of chocolate, and visiting [[Lake Taupō]] leads to the formation of knowledge by acquaintance of Lake Taupō. In these cases, the person forms non-inferential knowledge based on first-hand experience without necessarily acquiring factual information about the object. By contrast, it is also possible to indirectly learn a lot of propositional knowledge about chocolate or Lake Taupō by reading books without having the direct experiential contact required for knowledge by acquaintance.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Peels|2023|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=acCpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 28]}} | {{harvnb|Heydorn|Jesudason|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6QDqPIsiEXEC&pg=PT10 10]}} | {{harvnb|Foxall|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HSE6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT75 75]}} | {{harvnb|Hasan|Fumerton|2020}} | {{harvnb|DePoe|2022|loc=Lead Section, § 1. The Distinction: Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description}} | {{harvnb|Hetherington|2022a|loc=§ 1a. Knowing by Acquaintance}} }}</ref> The concept of knowledge by acquaintance was first introduced by [[Bertrand Russell]]. He holds that knowledge by acquaintance is more basic than propositional knowledge since to understand a proposition, one has to be acquainted with its constituents.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Hasan|Fumerton|2020|loc=[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-acquaindescrip/ introduction]}} |2={{harvnb|Haymes|Özdalga|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iz6uCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 26–28]}} |3={{harvnb|Miah|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l7KvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19–20]}} |4={{harvnb|Alter|Nagasawa|2015|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FgPWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 93–94]}} |5={{harvnb|Hetherington|2022a|loc=§ 1a. Knowing by Acquaintance}}}}</ref>