Editing Lamination (section)

=== Paper ===
[[File:Smithsonian Folklife Festival 2011 - PARTICIPANT HOSPITALITY.JPG|thumb|upright=1|A paper sign that has been laminated so it could be used outdoors]]
[[Corrugated fiberboard]] boxes are examples of laminated structures, where an inner core provides rigidity and strength, and the outer layers provide a smooth surface. A starch-based adhesive is usually used.

Laminating paper products, such as [[photographs]], can prevent them from becoming creased, faded, water damaged, wrinkled, stained, smudged, abraded, or marked by grease or fingerprints. [[Photo identification]] cards and [[credit card]]s are almost always laminated with plastic film. Boxes and other containers may be laminated using heat seal layers, extrusion coatings, pressure sensitive adhesives, [[UV coating]], etc.

Lamination is also used in sculpture using wood or resin. An example of an artist who used lamination in his work is the American [[Floyd Shaman]].

Laminates can be used to add properties to a surface, usually printed paper, that would not have them otherwise, such as with the use of lamination paper.  Sheets of [[Polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]] impregnated with [[magnetism|ferro-magnetic]] material can allow portable printed images to bond to magnets, such as for a custom bulletin board or a visual presentation.  Specially surfaced plastic sheets can be laminated over a printed image to allow them to be safely written upon, such as with [[dry erase]] markers or chalk.  Multiple translucent printed images may be laminated in layers to achieve certain visual effects or to hold [[hologram|holographic]] images.  Printing businesses that do commercial lamination keep a variety of laminates on hand, as the process for bonding different types is generally similar when working with thin materials.

Paper is normally laminated on [[particleboard|particle]] or [[fiberboard]]s giving a good-looking and resistant surface for use as [[furniture]], decoration [[Panel painting|panel]]s and [[flooring]].<ref name=PST>{{cite book |last1=Paulapuro |first1=Hannu |title=Paper and Board grades |series= Papermaking Science and Technology |volume= 18 |year= 2000|publisher= Fapet Oy|location= Finland|isbn= 952-5216-18-7 |pages= 108–111|chapter= 5}}</ref>

Paper laminations are also used in [[packaging]]. For example, [[Juicebox (container)|juicebox]]es are fabricated from [[liquid packaging board]] which is usually six layers of paper, polyethylene, and aluminum foil. Paper is used in the lamination to shape the product and give the juicebox an extra source of strength.

The base is most often [[particleboard|particle]]- or [[fiberboard]]s, then some layers of absorbent [[kraft paper]]. The last layers are a ''decor paper'' covered with an ''overlay''. The lamination papers are covered with an inert [[resin]], often [[melamine]], which is cured to form a hard [[Composite material|composite]] with the structure of paper. The laminates may also have a [[wikt:lining#Noun|lining]] on the back side of ''laminating kraft'' to compensate for the tension created by the top side lamination. Cheaper particle boards may have only a lining of laminating kraft to give surface washability and resistance to wear.

The ''decor paper'' can also be processed under heat and low/high pressure to create a melamine laminated sheet, that has several applications. The absorbent kraft paper is a normal [[kraft paper]] with controlled [[Absorption (chemistry)|absorbency]], which means a high degree of [[porosity]]. It is made of clean low [[Kappa number|kappa]] hardwood kraft with good [[Uniformity (chemistry)|uniformity]]. The [[grammage]] is 80 - 120 g/m<sup>2</sup> and normally 2-4 plies are used.<ref name=PST /> The decor paper is the most critical of the lamination papers as it gives the visual appearance of the laminate. The impregnation [[resin]] and [[cellulose]] have about the same [[refraction index]] which means that the cellulose fibers of the [[paper]] appear as a shade and only the [[dyestuff]]s and [[pigment]]s are visible. Due to this the decor paper demands extreme cleanness and is produced only on small [[paper machine]]s with [[grammage]] 50 - 150 g/m<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=PST /> The overlay paper have [[grammage]] of 18 – 50&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup> and is made of pure [[cellulose]], thus it must be made of well delignified [[pulp (paper)|pulp]]. It becomes transparent after impregnation letting the appearance of the decor paper come through. The laminating kraft have a [[grammage]] of 70 - 150 g/m<sup>2</sup> and is a smooth dense [[kraft paper]].<ref name=PST />

{{see also|Plastic-coated paper}}