Editing Last Supper (section)

===Institution of the Eucharist===
{{Main|Origin of the Eucharist}}
{{Death of Jesus|expanded=Passion}}
The three Synoptic Gospel accounts describe the Last Supper as a Passover meal.<ref name="Sherman">{{cite book |last1=Sherman |first1=Robert J. |title=King, Priest, and Prophet: A Trinitarian Theology of Atonement |date=2 March 2004 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-567-02560-9 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0efTAwAAQBAJ&dq=The+three+Synoptic+Gospel+accounts+describe+the+Last+Supper+as+a+Passover+meal,&pg=PA176 |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saulnier">{{cite book |last1=Saulnier |first1=Stéphane |title=Calendrical Variations in Second Temple Judaism: New Perspectives on the 'Date of the Last Supper' Debate |date=3 May 2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-16963-0 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eR2z_4JngcC&dq=The+three+Synoptic+Gospel+accounts+describe+the+Last+Supper+as+a+Passover+meal,&pg=PA3 |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Stéphane Saulnier argues they disagree with John,<ref name="Saulnier"/> though [[Brant Pitre]] argues the Gospels can be reconciled in his "[[Passover]] hypothesis", taking the [[Gospel of John]]'s allusions to the Passover lamb as applying to the seven-day festival rather than the meal.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pitre |first= Brant |author-link= Brant Pitre |title= Jesus and the Last Supper |publisher= Eerdmans |page= 252-373 |isbn= 978-0802875334}}</ref> Each gives somewhat different versions of the order of the meal. In chapter 26 of the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus prays thanks for the bread, divides it, and hands the pieces of bread to his disciples, saying "Take, eat, this is my body." Later in the meal Jesus takes a cup of wine, offers another [[prayer]], and gives it to those present, saying "Drink from it, all of you; for this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins. I tell you, I will never again drink of this fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom."

In chapter 22 of the Gospel of Luke, however, the wine is blessed and distributed before the bread, followed by the bread, then by a second, larger cup of wine, as well as somewhat different wordings. Additionally, according to Paul and Luke, he tells the disciples "do this in remembrance of me." This event has been regarded by Christians of most denominations as the institution of the Eucharist. There is recorded celebration of the Eucharist by the early Christian community [[Jerusalem in Christianity|in Jerusalem]].{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|p=570|loc=Eucharist}}

The institution of the Eucharist is recorded in the three Synoptic Gospels and in Paul's [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]]. As noted above, Jesus's words differ slightly in each account. In addition, Luke 22:19b–20 is a disputed text which does not appear in some of the early manuscripts of Luke.<ref>{{Bibleref2|Luke|22:19b–20}}</ref> Some scholars, therefore, believe that it is an [[Interpolation (manuscripts)|interpolation]], while others have argued that it is original.{{sfn|Marshall|Millard|Packer|Wiseman|1996|p= 697}}{{sfn | Blomberg | 2009 | p=333}}

A comparison of the accounts given in the Gospels and 1 Corinthians is shown in the table below, with text from the [[American Standard Version|ASV]]. The disputed text from Luke 22:19b–20 is in {{em|italics}}.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! <small>Mark 14:22–24</small>
| And as they were eating, he took bread, and when he had blessed, he brake it, and gave to them, and said, Take ye: this is my body. And he took a cup, and when he had given thanks, he gave to them: and they all drank of it. And he said unto them, 'This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many.'<ref>{{Bibleref2|Mark|14:22–24|ASV}}</ref>
|-
! <small>Matthew 26:26–28</small>
| And as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed, and brake it; and he gave to the disciples, and said, 'Take, eat; this is my body.' And he took a cup, and gave thanks, and gave to them, saying, 'Drink ye all of it; for this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many unto remission of sins.'<ref>{{Bibleref2|Matthew|26:26–28|ASV}}</ref>
|-
! <small>1 Corinthians 11:23–25</small>
| For I received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you, that the Lord Jesus in the night in which he was betrayed took bread; and when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said, 'This is my body, which is for you: this do in remembrance of me.' In like manner also the cup, after supper, saying, 'This cup is the new covenant in my blood: this do, as often as ye drink it, in remembrance of me.'<ref>{{Bibleref2|1Cor|11:23|ASV|1 Corinthians 11:23–25}}</ref>
|-
! <small>Luke 22:19–20</small>
| And he took bread, and when he had given thanks, he brake it, and gave to them, saying, 'This is my body {{em|which is given for you: this do in remembrance of me.'}} {{em|And the cup in like manner after supper, saying, 'This cup is the new covenant in my blood, even that which is poured out for you.'}}<ref>{{Bibleref2|Luke|22:19–20|ASV}}</ref>
|}

Jesus' actions in sharing the bread and wine have been linked with Isaiah 53:12<ref>{{Bibleref2|Isaiah|53:12}}</ref> which refers to a blood sacrifice that, as recounted in Exodus 24:8,<ref>{{Bibleref2|Exodus|24:8}}</ref> [[Moses]] offered in order to seal a covenant with God. Some scholars interpret the description of Jesus' action as asking his disciples to consider themselves part of a sacrifice, where Jesus is the one due to physically undergo it.<ref name=Brown />

Although the Gospel of John does not include a description of the bread and wine ritual during the Last Supper, most scholars agree that John 6:58–59<ref>{{Bibleref2|John|6:58–59}}</ref> (the [[Bread of Life Discourse]]) has a Eucharistic nature and resonates with the "[[words of institution]]" used in the Synoptic Gospels and the Pauline writings on the Last Supper.{{sfn | Freedman | 2000 | p=792}}