Editing Lateral line (section)

== Evolution ==

[[File:Electroreceptors in a sharks head.svg|thumb|The [[electroreceptive]] organs called [[ampullae of Lorenzini]] (red dots), illustrated here on the head of a [[shark]], evolved from the mechanosensory lateral line organs (gray lines) of the [[Most recent common ancestor|last common ancestor]] of vertebrates.<ref name="King Hu Long"/><ref name="Bullock Bodznick Northcutt 1983"/>]]

{{further|Ampullae of Lorenzini|Electroreception and electrogenesis}}

The use of [[mechanosensation|mechanosensitive]] hairs is homologous to the functioning of hair cells in the [[auditory system|auditory]] and [[vestibular system]]s, indicating a close link between these systems.<ref name="Flock 1967"/> Due to many overlapping functions and their great similarity in ultrastructure and development, the lateral line system and the [[inner ear]] of fish are often grouped together as the octavolateralis system (OLS).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Larsson |first1=M. |year=2012 |title=Why do fish school? |journal=Current Zoology |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=116–128 |doi=10.1093/czoolo/58.1.116 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Here, the lateral line system detects particle velocities and accelerations with frequencies below 100&nbsp;Hz. These low frequencies create large wavelengths, which induce strong particle accelerations in the [[Near and far field|near field]] of swimming fish that do not radiate into the far field as acoustic waves due to an [[acoustic short circuit]]. The auditory system detects pressure fluctuations with frequencies above 100&nbsp;Hz that propagate to the far field as waves.<ref name="biologyllas">{{cite book |last1=Ziemer |first1=Tim |title=Psychoacoustic Music Sound Field Synthesis |volume=7 |chapter=Biology of the Auditory System |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=Cham |isbn=978-3-030-23033-3 |pages=45–64 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-23033-3_3 |series=Current Research in Systematic Musicology |s2cid=201209634 }}</ref>

The lateral line system is ancient and basal to the [[vertebrate]] clade; it is found in groups of fishes that diverged over 400 million years ago, including the [[lamprey]]s, [[Chondrichthyes|cartilaginous fishes]], and [[Osteichthyes|bony fishes]].<ref name="Webb 2011 pp. 336–346">{{cite book |last=Webb |first=J. |title=Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology |chapter=Hearing and Lateral Line: Lateral Line Structure |publisher=Elsevier |year=2011 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-374553-8.00010-1 |pages=336–346|isbn=9780080923239 }}</ref><ref name="UCMP"/> Most [[amphibian]] [[larva]]e and some fully aquatic adult amphibians possess mechanosensitive systems comparable to the lateral line.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF00612711 |title=A lateral line analogue in cephalopods: Water waves generate microphonic potentials in the epidermal head lines of ''Sepia'' and ''Lolliguncula'' |year=1988 |last1=Budelmann |first1=Bernd U. |last2=Bleckmann |first2=Horst |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A |volume=164 |pages=1–5 |pmid=3236259 |issue=1 |s2cid=8834051 }}</ref> The terrestrial [[Tetrapod|tetrapods]] have secondarily lost their lateral line organs, which are ineffective when not submerged.<ref name="UCMP">{{cite web |title=The origin of tetrapods |date=28 April 2021 |url=https://evolution.berkeley.edu/what-are-evograms/the-origin-of-tetrapods/ |publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology Berkeley |access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref>

The [[Electroreception and electrogenesis|electroreceptive]] organs, called [[ampullae of Lorenzini]], appearing as pits in the skin of sharks and some other fishes, evolved from the lateral line organ.<ref name="King Hu Long">{{cite journal |last1=King |first1=Benedict |last2=Hu |first2=Yuzhi |last3=Long |first3=John A. |date=11 February 2018 |title=Electroreception in early vertebrates: survey, evidence and new information |journal=[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]] |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=325–358 |doi=10.1111/pala.12346 |bibcode=2018Palgy..61..325K |doi-access=free }}</ref> Passive electroreception using ampullae is an [[Primitive (phylogenetics)|ancestral trait]] in the vertebrates, meaning that it was present in their [[Most recent common ancestor|last common ancestor]].<ref name="Bullock Bodznick Northcutt 1983">{{cite journal |last1=Bullock |first1=T. H. |last2=Bodznick |first2=D. A. |last3=Northcutt |first3=R. G. |date=1983 |title=The phylogenetic distribution of electroreception: Evidence for convergent evolution of a primitive vertebrate sense modality |journal=[[Brain Research Reviews]] |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=25–46 |doi=10.1016/0165-0173(83)90003-6 |pmid=6616267 |hdl=2027.42/25137 |s2cid=15603518 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25137/1/0000573.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

{{clade
|label1=[[Vertebrates]]
|sublabel1= ''''' Lateral line ''''' 
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Lamprey]]s 
   |sublabel1=>440 [[myr|mya]]
   |1=<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Petromyzon marinus.jpg|100px]]</span>
   |label2=[[Gnathostomata|Jawed fishes]]
   |sublabel2=''[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=[[Chondrichthyes|Cartilaginous fishes]] [[File:White shark (Duane Raver).png|100px]]
         |sublabel1=430 [[myr|mya]]
         |label2=[[Osteichthyes|Bony fishes]]
         |sublabel2=425 [[myr|mya]]
         |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Sarcopterygii|Lobe-finned fishes]]
            |sublabel1=<!--425 [[myr|mya]]-->
            |1={{clade
               |1=[[Coelacanth]]s [[File:Coelacanth flipped.png|70px]] 
               |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                     |1=[[Lungfish]] [[File:Chinle fish Arganodus cropped cropped.png|70px]]
                     |2={{clade
                        |label1=[[Amphibian]]s 
                        |sublabel1=(as larvae; some as adults)
                        |1= [[File:Salamandra salamandra (white background).jpg|80px]]
                        |2=Other [[tetrapod]]s
                        |sublabel2='''''(no lateral line)'''''
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            |label2=[[Actinopterygii|Ray-finned fishes]]
            |sublabel2=<!--425 [[myr|mya]]-->
            |2=[[File:Common_carp_(white_background).jpg|70px]]
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}