Editing Learning styles (section)

===Neil Fleming's VAK/VARK model===
<!--This section is linked from [[Neil Fleming]], [[Visual learning]], [[Auditory learning]], [[Kinesthetic learning]] ([[MOS:HEAD]])-->[[File:Four Types of Learning Styles.jpg|thumb|Visual representation of the 4 learning styles]]
[[Neil Fleming]]'s VARK model and inventory<ref name="Leite">{{cite journal |last1=Leite |first1=Walter L. |last2=Svinicki |first2=Marilla |last3=Shi |first3=Yuying |date=April 2010 |title=Attempted validation of the scores of the VARK: learning styles inventory with multitrait–multimethod confirmatory factor analysis models |journal=[[Educational and Psychological Measurement]] |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=323–339 |doi=10.1177/0013164409344507|s2cid=144889213 }}</ref> expanded upon earlier notions of sensory modalities such as the VAK model of Barbe and colleagues<ref name="Barbe1979"/> and the [[Representational systems (NLP)|representational systems]] (VAKOG) in [[neuro-linguistic programming]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fleming |first=Neil D. |author-link=Neil Fleming |date=July 1995 |chapter=I'm different; not dumb: modes of presentation (VARK) in the tertiary classroom |editor1-last=Zelmer |editor1-first=A. C. Lynn |editor2-last=Zelmer |editor2-first=Amy Elliott |title=Higher education: blending tradition and technology: proceedings of the 1995 Annual Conference of the Higher Education and Research Development Society of Australasia (HERDSA) |series=Research and development in higher education |volume=18 |location=Rockhampton |publisher=Professional Education Centre, Faculty of Health Science, [[Central Queensland University]] |pages=308–313 |isbn=9780133892406 |oclc=154135362 |quote=Those skilled in using neuro-linguistic programming (N.L.P.) and left-brain, right brain theorists have been claiming that the visual, aural, kinesthetic preferences (V,A,K) follow through into creativity, spatial abilities and even vocabulary usage... In addition to the usual three part modal divisions (visual, kinesthetic and aural) a fourth category, the read-writers, has been added for our questionnaire. |chapter-url=http://www.vark-learn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/different_not_dumb.pdf}}</ref> The four sensory modalities in Fleming's model are:<ref name="VARK">{{cite web |last=Fleming |first=Neil D. |author-link=Neil Fleming |title=The VARK modalities |url=http://vark-learn.com/introduction-to-vark/the-vark-modalities/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314235648/http://vark-learn.com/introduction-to-vark/the-vark-modalities/ |website=vark-learn.com |date=2014 |archive-date=14 March 2015 |access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref>

# [[Visual learning]]
# [[Auditory learning|Aural learning]]
# Reading/writing learning
# [[Kinesthetic learning]]

While the fifth modality isn't considered one of the four learning styles, it covers those who fit equally among two or more areas, or without one frontrunner:{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

# [[Multimodal learning|Multimodality (MM)]]

Fleming claimed that [[Visual learning|visual learners]] have a preference for seeing (visual aids that represent ideas using methods other than words, such as graphs, charts, diagrams, symbols, etc.). Subsequent [[neuroimaging]] research has suggested that visual learners convert words into images in the brain and vice versa{{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=Makes claim that: "Subsequent neuroimaging research" proves something, yet fails to provide said research. This makes the claim difficult or impossible to verify.}}, but some psychologists have argued that this "is not an instance of learning styles, rather, it is an instance of ability appearing as a style". Likewise, Fleming claimed that [[Auditory learning|auditory learners]] best learn through listening (lectures, discussions, tapes, etc.), and [[Kinesthetic learning|tactile/kinesthetic learners]] prefer to learn via experience—moving, touching, and doing (active exploration of the world, science projects, experiments, etc.). Students can use the model and inventory to identify their preferred learning style and, it is claimed, improve their learning by focusing on the mode that benefits them the most. Fleming's model also posits two types of multimodality. This means that not everyone has one defined preferred modality of learning; some people may have a mixture that makes up their preferred learning style. There are two types of multimodality learners: VARK type one learners are able to assimilate their learning style to those around them. VARK type two learners need to receive input or output in all of their preferred styles. They will continue to work until all preferred learning areas have been met.