Editing Little Nemo (section)

==Adaptations==
===Theatre===
[[File:Master Gabriel Little Nemo.jpg|thumb|alt=A black-and-white photographed of a neatly-dressed young boy in a hat, sitting on a pedestal.|Master Gabriel as the star of the 1908 ''Little Nemo'' musical]]

As early as 1905, several abortive attempts were made to put ''Little Nemo'' on stage. In summer 1907, [[Marcus Klaw]] and [[A. L. Erlanger]] announced they would put on an extravagant ''Little Nemo'' show for an unprecedented $100,000, with a score by [[Victor Herbert]]{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=141}} and lyrics by [[Harry B. Smith]].{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=141}} It starred Gabriel Weigel, an actor with dwarfism, as Nemo, [[Joseph Cawthorn]] as Dr. Pill, and [[Billy B. Van]] as Flip.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=143}} Reviews were positive, and it played to sold-out houses in New York. It went on the road for two seasons.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=148}} McCay brought his vaudeville act to each city where ''Little Nemo'' played. When a [[Benjamin Franklin Keith|Keith]] circuit{{efn|Keith had partnered with Proctor in 1906.}} refused to let McCay perform in Boston without a new act, McCay switched to the [[William Morris Agency|William Morris]] circuit, with a $100-a-week raise.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=149}} In several cities, McCay brought his son, who sat on a small throne dressed as Nemo as publicity.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=151}}

As part of an improvised story, Cawthorn introduced a mythical creature he called a "[[Whiffenpoof]]". The word stuck with the public, and became the name of a [[s:The Whiffenpoof Song|hit song]] and a [[The Whiffenpoofs|singing group]].{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=143}} One reviewer of the 1908 operetta gave a paragraph of praise to the comic hunting tales presented in a scene in which three hunters are trying to outdo each other with hunting stories about the "montimanjack", the "peninsula", and the "whiffenpoof". He calls it "one of the funniest yarns ever spun" and compares it favorably to [[Lewis Carroll]]'s [[The Hunting of the Snark]].<ref>"Some Dramatic Notes", ''The [Duluth] Sunday News Tribune'', November 15, 1908, p. 4</ref> One source indicates that the dialogue in fact began as an [[ad lib]] by actor [[Joseph Cawthorn]], covering for some kind of backstage problem during a performance.<ref>Gerald Boardman, ''American Musical Theatre, A Chronicle'', as cited by {{cite web|url=http://members.cox.net/jeepers/woof.html|title=Cracker Jack Gobbler|author=Jim Davis|date=February 18, 2006|access-date=2008-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907023713/http://members.cox.net/jeepers/woof.html|archive-date=September 7, 2008|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The whiffenpoof is also referred in one of the Little Nemo [[:File:Little Nemo 1909-04-11.jpg|comic strips published in 1909 (April 11)]]. After being held down by nine policemen during a hysteria crisis, Nemo's father tells the doctor: "Just keep those whiffenpoofs away. Will you?".
[[:File:Little Nemo 1909-09-26.jpg|The strip for September 26]] starts with a hunt for whiffenpoofs but instead the hunters find a "montemaniac" and a "peninsula".

Despite the show's success, it failed to make back its investment due to its enormous expenses,{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=149}} and came to an end in December 1910.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=151}} In mid-2012 Toronto-based theatre company Frolick performed an adaptation of the strip into ''Adventures in Slumberland'', a multimedia show featuring puppets large and small and a score that included as a refrain "Wake Up Little Nemo", set to the tune of [[The Everly Brothers]]' 1957 hit "[[Wake Up Little Susie]]".{{sfn|Morrow|2012}} [[Talespinner Children's Theatre]] in [[Cleveland]], OH produced a scaled-down, "colorful and high-energy 45-minute"{{sfn|Howey|2013}} adaptation in 2013, ''Adventures In Slumberland'' by [[David Hansen (playwright)|David Hansen]].

In March 2017, a short, one-act adaptation of the "Little Nemo" adventures was staged at Fordham University in New York City. The play, simply entitled ''Little Nemo in Slumberland'', was written by Aladdin Lee Grant Rutledge Collar, and directed by student Peter McNally. The six person cast, as well as creative team, consisted of students and alums at the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theatre.blog.fordham.edu/studio-season-spring-2017/|title=Studio Season Fall 2017 - Theatre|website=fordham.edu|access-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref>

===Film===
[[File:Winsor McCay, the Famous Cartoonist of the N.Y. Herald and His Moving Comics - Little Nemo (1911).webm|thumb|alt=Silent, black and white film, partially animated. A man bets his colleagues that he can make pictures move. He wins the bet by animating cartoon characters.|''Little Nemo'' (1911)]]

McCay played an important role in the early history of animation. In 1911, he completed his first film, ''Winsor McCay, the Famous Cartoonist of the N.Y. Herald and His Moving Comics'' (also known as ''[[Little Nemo (1911 film)|Little Nemo]]''), first in theatres and then as part of his vaudeville act.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=160}} McCay made the 4,000 [[Rice paper|rice-paper]] drawings for the animated portion of the film. The animated portion took up about four minutes of the film's total length.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=161}} Photography was done at the [[Vitagraph Studios]] under the supervision of animation pioneer [[James Stuart Blackton]].{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=160}} During the live-action portion of the film, McCay bets his colleagues he can make his drawings move. He wins the bet by animating his ''Little Nemo'' characters, who shapeshift and transform.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=161}}

In 1984, Arnaud Sélignac produced and directed a film titled ''[[Nemo (1984 film)|Nemo]]'',<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087784/ | title = IMDb | contribution = Nemo}}</ref> a.k.a. ''Dream One'', starring [[Jason Connery]], [[Harvey Keitel]], and [[Carole Bouquet]]. It involves a little boy called Nemo, who wears pajamas and travels to a fantasy world, but otherwise the connection to McCay's strip is a loose one. The fantasy world is a dark and dismal beach, and Nemo encounters characters from other works of fiction rather than those from the original strip.  Instead of Flip or the Princess, Nemo meets [[Zorro]], [[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]], and [[Jules Verne]]'s [[Nautilus (Verne)|Nautilus]] (which was led by [[Captain Nemo]]).

A joint American-Japanese feature-length film ''[[Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland]]'' was released in Japan in 1989 and in the United States in August 1992 from [[Hemdale Film Corporation]], with contributions by [[Ray Bradbury]], [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Chris Columbus]], and [[Jean Giraud|Moebius]],{{sfn|Grant|2006|p=46}} and music by the [[Sherman Brothers]]. The story tells of a quest by Nemo and friends to rescue King Morpheus from the Nightmare King. The Princess is named Princess Camille, Flip has a bird companion named Flap, and Nemo has a pet flying squirrel named Icarus.{{sfn|Beck|2005|p=149}} It received mixed reviews from critics, where it earned $11.4 million on a $35 million budget and was a [[box-office bomb]], but it sold well on home video and has since developed into a [[cult film]].

A live-action film adaptation, ''[[Slumberland (film)|Slumberland]]'', directed by [[Francis Lawrence]], was released in 2022. It features a gender-swapped version of the title character played by Marlow Barkley. [[Jason Momoa]] stars as a radically altered version of Flip, who is described as a "nine-foot tall creature that is half-man, half-beast, has shaggy fur and long curved tusks". The plot centers on Nemo and Flip traveling to Slumberland in search of the former's father.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fullcirclecinema.com/2020/01/31/jason-mamoa-to-star-in-francis-lawrences-little-nemo-in-slumberland-adaptation/|title=Jason Mamoa To Star In Francis Lawrence's 'Little Nemo In Slumberland' Adaptation|website=Full Circle|last=Hubbard|first=Christian|date=January 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://movieweb.com/slumberland-netflix-movie-jason-momoa-images/|title=Jason Momoa Has Horns in First Look at Netflix's Slumberland|last=Fuge|first=Jon|work=[[MovieWeb]]|date=April 6, 2021|access-date=July 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/director-francis-lawrence-lightens-slumberland-171830118.html | title=Director Francis Lawrence Lightens up with Slumberland: 'Everything I Had Done Was Pretty Dark' | date=November 22, 2022}}</ref>

===Opera===
The [[Sarasota Opera]] commissioned composer [[Daron Hagen]] and librettist [[J. D. McClatchy]] to create an opera based on ''Little Nemo''. Two casts of children alternated performances when it debuted in November 2012. The dreamlike nonlinear story told of Nemo, the Princess, and their comrades trying to prevent the Emperor of Sol and the Guardian of Dawn from bringing daylight to Slumberland. Special effects and shifting backgrounds were produced with projections onto a scaffolding of boxes.{{sfn|Williams|2012}} The work was first performed on November 10 and 11, by members of the Sarasota Opera, Sarasota Youth Opera, Sarasota Prep Chorus, The Sailor Circus and students from Booker High school.

===Other media===
In 1990, [[Capcom]] produced a video game for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]], titled ''[[Little Nemo: The Dream Master]]'' (known as ''Pajama Hero Nemo'' in Japan), a licensed game based on the 1989 film. The film would not see a US release until 1992, two years after the game's Japanese release, so the game is often thought to be a standalone adaptation of ''Little Nemo'', not related to the film. An [[arcade game]] called simply ''[[Nemo (arcade game)|Nemo]]'' was also released in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.klov.com/game_detail.php?game_id=8843 |title=Nemo – Videogame by Capcom |publisher=Klov |access-date=October 15, 2012}}</ref> In 2021, a new game, titled ''Little Nemo and the Nightmare Fiends'' based on the original comic strip was launched on Kickstarter. It is developed by Chris Totten of Pie For Breakfast Studios and Benjamin Cole of PXLPLZ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pfbstudios.com/games/little-nemo |title=Little Nemo and the Nightmare Fiends |publisher=Chris Totten |access-date=March 7, 2021}}</ref> In 2022, a new game, titled ''Little Nemo and the Guardians of Slumberland'' based on the original comic strip was launched on Kickstarter. It is developed by Dave Mauro of DIE SOFT.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://diesoft.games/|title=Little Nemo and the Guardians of Slumberlan |publisher=Dave Mauro |access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref>  

Throughout the years, various pieces of Little Nemo merchandise have been produced. In 1941, Rand, McNally & Co. published a Little Nemo children's storybook. ''Little Nemo in Slumberland in 3-D'' was released by [[Blackthorne Publishing]] in 1987; this reprinted Little Nemo issues with [[Anaglyph image#Viewing|3-D glasses]]. A set of 30 Little Nemo postcards was available through Stewart Tabori & Chang in 1996. In 1993, as promotion for the 1989 animated film, Hemdale produced a Collector's Set which includes a VHS movie, illustrated storybook, and cassette soundtrack. In 2001, [[Dark Horse Comics]] released a Little Nemo statue and tin lunchbox.