Editing Longevity (section)

=== Lifestyle ===
Longevity is a highly plastic trait, and traits that influence its components respond to physical (static) environments and to wide-ranging life-style changes: physical exercise, dietary habits, living conditions, and pharmaceutical as well as nutritional interventions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Govindaraju D, Atzmon G, Barzilai N | title = Genetics, lifestyle and longevity: Lessons from centenarians | journal = Applied & Translational Genomics | volume = 4 | pages = 23–32 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 26937346 | pmc = 4745363 | doi = 10.1016/j.atg.2015.01.001 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Passarino G, De Rango F, Montesanto A | title = Human longevity: Genetics or Lifestyle? It takes two to tango | journal = Immunity & Ageing | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 12 | date = 2016-04-05 | pmid = 27053941 | pmc = 4822264 | doi = 10.1186/s12979-016-0066-z | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dato S, Rose G, Crocco P, Monti D, Garagnani P, Franceschi C, Passarino G | title = The genetics of human longevity: an intricacy of genes, environment, culture and microbiome | journal = Mechanisms of Ageing and Development | volume = 165 | issue = Pt B | pages = 147–155 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28390822 | doi = 10.1016/j.mad.2017.03.011 | s2cid = 13654470 }}</ref> A 2012 study found that even modest amounts of leisure time physical exercise can extend life expectancy by as much as 4.5 years.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moore SC, Patel AV, Matthews CE, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Park Y, Katki HA, Linet MS, Weiderpass E, Visvanathan K, Helzlsouer KJ, Thun M, Gapstur SM, Hartge P, Lee IM | display-authors = 6 | title = Leisure time physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity and mortality: a large pooled cohort analysis | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | pages = e1001335 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23139642 | pmc = 3491006 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335 | doi-access = free }}</ref> 

==== Diet ====
As of 2021, there is no [[evidence-based medicine|clinical evidence]] that any dietary practice contributes to human longevity.<ref name="lee">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee MB, Hill CM, Bitto A, Kaeberlein M |date=November 2021 |title=Antiaging diets: Separating fact from fiction |journal=Science |volume=374 |issue=6570 |pages=eabe7365 |doi=10.1126/science.abe7365 |pmc=8841109 |pmid=34793210}}</ref> Although health can be influenced by diet, including the type of foods consumed, the amount of calories ingested, and the duration and frequency of fasting periods,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Longo |first1=Valter D. |last2=Anderson |first2=Rozalyn M. |date=2022 |title=Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions |journal=Cell |language=en |volume=185 |issue=9 |pages=1455–1470 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002|pmid=35487190 |pmc=9089818 }}</ref> there is no good clinical evidence that fasting promotes longevity in humans, {{As of|2021|lc=y}}.<ref name=lee/><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://simple.life/blog/intermittent-fasting-benefits/ |title = Intermittent Fasting Schedules |date = 26 January 2023 }}</ref>

Calorie restriction is a widely researched intervention to assess effects on aging, defined as a sustained reduction in dietary energy intake compared to the energy required for weight maintenance.<ref name=lee/><ref name=":1" /> To ensure metabolic [[homeostasis]], the diet during calorie restriction must provide sufficient energy, micronutrients, and fiber.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Flanagan |first1=Emily W. |last2=Most |first2=Jasper |last3=Mey |first3=Jacob T. |last4=Redman |first4=Leanne M. |date=2020-09-23 |title=Calorie restriction and aging in humans |journal=Annual Review of Nutrition |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=105–133 |doi=10.1146/annurev-nutr-122319-034601 |pmid=32559388 |pmc=9042193 |issn=0199-9885}}</ref> Some studies on rhesus monkeys showed that restricting calorie intake resulted in lifespan extension, while other animals studies did not detect a significant change.<ref name="lee" /><ref>{{Cite journal|display-authors=3 |last1=Mattison |first1=Julie A. |last2=Colman |first2=Ricki J. |last3=Beasley |first3=T. Mark |last4=Allison |first4=David B. |last5=Kemnitz |first5=Joseph W. |last6=Roth |first6=George S. |last7=Ingram |first7=Donald K. |last8=Weindruch |first8=Richard |last9=de Cabo |first9=Rafael |last10=Anderson |first10=Rozalyn M. |date=2017-01-17 |title=Caloric restriction improves health and survival of rhesus monkeys |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=14063 |doi=10.1038/ncomms14063 |pmid=28094793 |issn=2041-1723|pmc=5247583 |bibcode=2017NatCo...814063M }}</ref> According to preliminary research in humans, there is little evidence that calorie restriction affects lifespan.<ref name=lee/><ref name=":1" /> There is a link between [[diet and obesity]] and consequent [[obesity-associated morbidity]].