Editing Lucifer (section)

=== Interpretations ===
[[File:Lucifer3.jpg|thumb|[[Gustave Doré]], illustration to ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', book IX, 179–187: "he [Satan] held on / His midnight search, where soonest he might finde / The Serpent: him fast sleeping soon he found"]]
[[File:Cathedral Fribourg vitrail Georg Michael Anna Maria 04.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Józef Mehoffer|J. Mehoffer]], fallen Lucifer and the hound of hell]] 
[[Aquila of Sinope]] derives the word {{transliteration|he|hêlêl}}, the Hebrew name for the morning star, from the verb {{transliteration|he|yalal}} (to lament). This derivation was adopted as a proper name for an angel who laments the loss of his former beauty.<ref>Bonnetain, Yvonne S (2015). Loki: Beweger der Geschichten [Loki: Movers of the stories] {{in lang |de}}. Roter Drache; ISBN 978-3-939459-68-2 / OCLC 935942344. pg. 263</ref> The Christian church fathers – for example [[Jerome]], in his Vulgate – translated this as Lucifer.

Some Christian writers have applied the name "Lucifer" as used in the Book of Isaiah, and the motif of a heavenly being cast down to the earth, to the devil. Sigve K. Tonstad argues that the [[New Testament]] [[War in Heaven]] theme of [[Revelation 12]], in which the dragon "who is called the devil and Satan [...] was thrown down to the earth", was derived from the passage about the Babylonian king in Isaiah 14.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYNJxKrhcDAC&q=Tonstad+%22derives+from+the+poem%22&pg=PA75 |author1=Sigve K Tonstad |title=Saving God's Reputation |isbn=978-0-567-04494-5 |page=75 |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum]] |location=London, New York City |date=20 January 2007 |access-date=23 December 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054417/https://books.google.com/books?id=YYNJxKrhcDAC&q=Tonstad+%22derives+from+the+poem%22&pg=PA75 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Origen]] (184/185–253/254) interpreted such Old Testament passages as being about manifestations of the devil.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rg2RJAIZ4k4C |title=The Problem of Evil in the Western Tradition |first=Joseph Francis |last=Kelly |publisher=[[Liturgical Press]] |location=[[Collegeville Township, Stearns County, Minnesota|Collegeville, Minnesota]] |date=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/problemofevilint00jose/page/44 <!-- quote="Origen's approach had an unintended side effect, a new name for the devil""allegorized it as Satan falling from heaven. When Christians translated the phrase""into Latin, they used the word lucifer". --> 44] |isbn=978-0-8146-5104-9}}</ref><ref>Auffarth, Christoph; Stuckenbruck, Loren T., eds. (2004). p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lhNyGFkT3QYC&pg=PA62&dq=Origen+Lucifer 62].</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEnXbRWbi0AC |title=Isaiah and Prophetic Traditions in the Book of Revelation |first=Jan |last=Fekkes |date=1994 |publisher=Continuum |location=London, New York City |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uEnXbRWbi0AC&pg=187 187] |isbn=978-1-85075-456-5 |access-date=2016-01-27 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054418/https://books.google.com/books?id=uEnXbRWbi0AC |url-status=live }}</ref> Origen was not the first to interpret the Isaiah 14 passage as referring to the devil: he was preceded by at least [[Tertullian]] ({{c.|160|225}}), who in his {{lang |la |Adversus Marcionem}} (book 5, chapters 11 and 17) twice presents as spoken by the devil the words of Isaiah 14:14: "I will ascend above the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High".<ref>{{bibleverse|Isaiah|14:14|NIV}}</ref><ref>Migne, [https://archive.org/details/patrologiaecurs51unkngoog/page/n260 ''Patrologia latina''], vol. 2, cols. 500 and 514</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tertullian : Ernest Evans, Adversus Marcionem. Book 5 (English) |url=https://www.tertullian.org/articles/evans_marc/evans_marc_12book5_eng.htm |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=www.tertullian.org |archive-date=2021-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801232238/https://www.tertullian.org/articles/evans_marc/evans_marc_12book5_eng.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Though Tertullian was a speaker of the language in which the word was created, "Lucifer" is not among the numerous names and phrases he used to describe the devil.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxwR74&pg=PA95 |author=Jeffrey Burton Russell |title=Satan: The Early Christian Tradition |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8014-9413-0 |page=95 |date=1987 |access-date=23 December 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Even at the time of [[Augustine of Hippo]] (354–430), a contemporary of the composition of the Vulgate, "Lucifer" had not yet become a common name for the devil.<ref name="Mask">{{cite book|last=Link|first=Luther|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EU7Qt5HSmHAC|title=The Devil: A Mask without a Face|date=1995|publisher=[[Reaktion Books]]|isbn=978-0-948462-67-2|location=[[Clerkenwell]], London|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EU7Qt5HSmHAC&pg=PA24 24]|access-date=2016-01-27|archive-date=2022-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054401/https://books.google.com/books?id=EU7Qt5HSmHAC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Augustine's work {{lang |la |[[Civitas Dei]]}} (5th century) became the major opinion of Western [[demonology]] including in the [[Catholic Church]]. For Augustine, the rebellion of the Devil was the first and final cause of evil. By this he rejected some earlier teachings about Satan having fallen when the world was already created.<ref>Schreckenberg, Heinz; Schubert, Kurt (1992). ''Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity''. Augsburg Fortress, Publishers; ISBN 978-0-8006-2519-1. pg. 253</ref> Further, Augustine rejects the idea that [[envy]] could have been the first sin (as some [[Proto-orthodox Christianity|early Christians believed]], evident from sources like the ''[[Cave of Treasures]]'' in which Satan has fallen because he envies humans and refused to prostrate himself before Adam), since pride ("loving yourself more than others and God") is required to be envious ("hatred for the happiness of others").<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burns |first1=J. Patout |title=Augustine on the Origin and Progress of Evil |journal=The Journal of Religious Ethics |date=1988 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=9–27 |jstor=40015076}}</ref> He argues that evil came first into existence by the [[Free will in theology|free will]] of Satan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Babcock |first1=William S. |title=Augustine on Sin and Moral Agency |journal=The Journal of Religious Ethics |date=1988 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=28–55 |jstor=40015077}}</ref> His attempt to take God's throne is not an assault on the gates of heaven, but a turn to [[solipsism]] in which the Devil becomes God in his world.<ref>Aiello, Thomas (28 September 2010). "The Man Plague: Disco, the Lucifer Myth, and the Theology of 'It's Raining Men': The Man Plague". ''The Journal of Popular Culture''. 43 (5): 926–941. {{doi|10.1111/j.1540-5931.2010.00780.x}}. {{PMID|21140934}}.</ref> When the king of Babylon uttered his phrase in Isaiah, he was speaking through the sprite of Lucifer, the head of devils. He concluded that everyone who falls away from God are within the body of Lucifer, and is a devil.<ref>Hollerich, M. J.; Christman, A. R. (2007). ''Isaiah: Interpreted by Early Christian Medieval Commentators''. Cambridge: Eerdmans. pp. 175–176</ref>

Adherents of the [[King James Only movement]] and others who hold that Isaiah 14:12 does indeed refer to the Devil have decried the modern translations.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1Y-9sCXItMC&q=%22the+KJV+correctly+translates%22&pg=PA94 |title=A Primer on Salvation and Bible Prophecy |author=Larry Alavezos |publisher=TEACH Services |isbn=978-1-57258-640-6 |date=29 September 2010 |page=94 |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054414/https://books.google.com/books?id=_1Y-9sCXItMC&q=%22the+KJV+correctly+translates%22&pg=PA94 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDrfOawsb4UC&q=%22say+Lucifer+or+morning+star%22&pg=PA64 |author=David W. Daniels |title=Answers to Your Bible Version Questions |isbn=978-0-7589-0507-9 |page=64 |publisher=Chick Publications |date=2003 |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054359/https://books.google.com/books?id=vDrfOawsb4UC&q=%22say%20Lucifer%20or%20morning%20star%22&pg=PA64 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7a9fgCKqz8C&q=%22refers+preeminently+to+Satan%22&pg=PA219 |author=William Dembski |title=The End of Christianity |isbn=978-0-8054-2743-1 |page=219 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |date=2009 |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054400/https://books.google.com/books?id=C7a9fgCKqz8C&q=%22refers+preeminently+to+Satan%22&pg=PA219 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cain">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwbtWmJYyIUC |title=The fathers of the church. Jerome. Commentary on Galatians |first=Andrew |last=Cain |date=2011 |publisher=[[Catholic University of America Press|CUA Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vwbtWmJYyIUC&pg=PA74&dq=%22As+for+the+specific+reasons+for+Lucifer's+fall,+some+patristic+writers+suggested+pride,+others+envy:+see+N.+Adkin%22%22Pride+or+Envy?+Some+Notes+on+the+Reason+the+Fathers+Give+for+the+Devil's+Fall%22 74] |isbn=978-0-8132-0121-4 |access-date=2016-01-27 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054405/https://books.google.com/books?id=vwbtWmJYyIUC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="one">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ3VbQU0w24C |title=A Companion to Angels in Medieval Philosophy |editor1-first=Tobias |editor1-last=Hoffmann |date=2012 |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ3VbQU0w24C&pg=262&dq=%22The+patristic+tradition+that+Augustine+inherited+did+not+have+a+unified+view+about+the+nature+of+Lucifer%27s+primal+sin%22+Origen+%22pride+%28superbia%22+Tertullian+%22envy+of+humanity+for+being+created+in+the+image+of+God%22 262] |isbn=978-90-04-18346-9 |access-date=2016-01-27 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054401/https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ3VbQU0w24C |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="two">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p09CAAAAcAAJ |title=Prediche Quaresimali: Divise In Due Tomi |volume=2 |author=Nicolas de Dijon |date=1730 |publisher=Storti |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p09CAAAAcAAJ&pg=230&dq=Lucifero+invidia+gelosia+Dio+uomo+Tertulliano+Agostino 230] |language=it |access-date=2016-01-27 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054415/https://books.google.com/books?id=p09CAAAAcAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> An opposing view attributes to Origen the first identification of the "Lucifer" of Isaiah 14:12 with the Devil and to [[Tertullian]] and [[Augustine of Hippo]] the spread of the story of Lucifer as fallen through pride, envy of God and jealousy of humans.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ron |last=Corson |url=http://newprotestants.com/LUCIFER.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202201351/http://newprotestants.com/LUCIFER.htm |archive-date=2 February 2013 |title=Who is Lucifer...or Satan misidentified |date=2008 |publisher=newprotestants.com |url-status=usurped |access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref>

The 1409 [[Lollard]] manuscript titled ''[[Great Architect of the Universe#Lanterne of Light classification of demons|Lanterne of Light]]'' associated Lucifer with the [[Seven deadly sins|deadly sin]] of [[pride#sin and self-acceptance|pride]].

[[Protestantism|Protestant]] theologian [[John Calvin]] rejected the identification of Lucifer with Satan or the Devil. He said: "The exposition of this passage, which some have given, as if it referred to Satan, has arisen from ignorance: for the context plainly shows these statements must be understood in reference to the king of the Babylonians."<ref>{{cite book |last=Calvin |first=John |others=Translated by John King |title=Commentary on Isaiah |volume=I:404 |date=2007 |publisher=Forgotten Books |location=Charleston, S.C.}}</ref> [[Martin Luther]] also considered it a gross error to refer this verse to the Devil.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ridderbos |first=Jan |others=Translated by John Vriend |title=The Bible Student's Commentary: Isaiah |page=142 |date=1985 |publisher=Regency |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan}}</ref>

Counter-Reformation writers, like [[Albertanus of Brescia]], classified the seven deadly sins each to a specific Biblical demon.<ref>Patrick Gilli (ed.). ''La pathologie du pouvoir: vices, crimes et délits des gouvernants: antiquité, moyen âge, époque moderne'' (2016). Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions, vol. 198. Brill. pg. 494</ref> He, as well as [[Peter Binsfield]], assigned Lucifer to the sin of pride.<ref>Levack, B. (2013). ''The Devil Within: Possession and Exorcism in the Christian West''. Yale University Press. pg. 278</ref>