Editing Lynching (section)

===Europe===
[[File:SeptemberMassacres.jpg|thumb|[[September Massacres]] of 1792, in which Parisian mobs killed hundreds of [[Royalism|royalist]] prisoners]]

In [[Liverpool]], a series of [[List of ethnic riots|race riots]] broke out in 1919 after the end of the [[World War I|First World War]] between White and Black sailors, many of whom had been demobilized. After a Black sailor had been stabbed by two White sailors in a [[pub]] for refusing to give them a cigarette, his friends attacked them the next day in revenge, wounding a policeman in the process. The [[Liverpool City Police|police]] responded by launching raids on lodging houses in primarily Black neighborhoods, with casualties on both sides. A White lynch mob gathered outside the houses during the raids and chased a Black sailor, Charles Wootton, into the [[River Mersey|Mersey River]] where he drowned.<ref>{{cite news |title=The roots of racism in city of many cultures |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/roots-racism-city-many-cultures-3528503 |access-date=March 3, 2021 |work=Liverpool Echo |date=August 3, 2005}}</ref> The Charles Wootton College in Liverpool has been named in his memory.<ref>Brown, Jacqueline Nassy (2005). ''Dropping Anchor, Setting Sail: Geographies of Race in Black Liverpool''. Princeton University Press, pp. 21, 23, 144.</ref>

In 1944, Wolfgang Rosterg, a German [[prisoner of war]] known to be unsympathetic to the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi regime]], was lynched by other German prisoners of war in [[Cultybraggan Camp]], a [[prisoner-of-war camp]] in [[Comrie, Perth and Kinross|Comrie]], Scotland. At the end of the [[World War II|Second World War]], five of the perpetrators were [[Hanging|hanged]] at [[Pentonville (HM Prison)|Pentonville Prison]] – the largest multiple execution in 20th-century Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caledonia.tv/index.php?page=16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524202824/http://www.caledonia.tv/index.php?page=16|url-status=dead|title=Execution at Camp 21|archive-date=May 24, 2007|website=Caledonia.tv}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=February 2021}}

The situation is less clear with regards to reported "lynchings" in Germany. [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|Nazi propaganda]] sometimes tried to depict state-sponsored violence as spontaneous lynchings. The most notorious instance of this was "[[Kristallnacht]]", which the government portrayed as the result of "popular wrath" against Jews, but it was carried out in an organized and planned manner, mainly by [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] and [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] men. Similarly, the approximately 150 confirmed murders of surviving crew members of crashed Allied aircraft in revenge for what Nazi propaganda called [[Strategic bombing during World War II|"Anglo-American bombing terror"]] were chiefly conducted by German officials and members of the police or the [[Gestapo]], although civilians sometimes took part in them. The execution of enemy aircrew without trial in some cases had been ordered by [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] personally in May 1944. It was publicly announced that enemy pilots would no longer be protected from "public wrath". There were secret orders issued that prohibited policemen and soldiers from interfering in favor of the enemy in conflicts between civilians and [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]], or prosecuting civilians who engaged in such acts.<ref>"Hamm 1944". polizeihistorischesammlung-paul.de.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-20794719.html|title=KRIEGSVERBRECHEN: Systematischer Mord - DER SPIEGEL 47/2001|first=SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg|last=Germany|journal=Spiegel Online|volume=47|access-date=September 3, 2017|date=November 19, 2001}}</ref> In summary:

:...the assaults on crashed allied aviators were not typically acts of revenge for the bombing raids which immediately preceded them. [...] The perpetrators of these assaults were usually National Socialist officials, who did not hesitate to get their own hands dirty. The lynching murder in the sense of self-mobilizing communities or urban quarters was the exception.<ref>Grimm, Barbara: "Lynchmorde an alliierten Fliegern im Zweiten Weltkrieg". In: Dietmar Süß (Hrsg.): Deutschland im Luftkrieg. Geschichte und Erinnerung. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2007, {{ISBN|3-486-58084-1}}, pp. 71–84. p. 83. "Die Übergriffe auf abgestürzte alliierte Flieger waren im Regelfall keine Racheakte für unmittelbar vorangegangene Bombenangriffe. [...] Täter waren in der Regel nationalsozialistische Funktionsträger, die keine Scheu davor hatten, selbst Hand anzulegen. Der Lynchmord im Sinne sich selbstmobilisierender Kommunen und Stadtviertel war dagegen die Ausnahme."</ref>
[[Corporals killings|On March 19, 1988]], two plain-clothes British soldiers drove straight towards a [[Provisional IRA]] funeral procession near [[Milltown Cemetery]] in [[Andersonstown]], Belfast. The men were mistaken for [[Special Air Service]] members, surrounded by the crowd, dragged out, beaten, kicked, stabbed and eventually shot dead at a waste ground.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ware|first=John|title=Guns, grenades and lynchings: Revisiting the funeral murders|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/guns-grenades-and-lynchings-revisiting-the-funeral-murders-1.3431818|access-date=December 21, 2021|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref>

Lynching of members of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] occurred in the aftermath of the [[2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt|2016 Turkish ''coup d'état'' attempt]].<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Europe's Flashpoints |url=https://p.dw.com/p/32LYR |series=Close Up — The Current Affairs Documentary |network=[[DW-TV|Deutsche Welle TV]] |year=2018 |number=2 |time=2:12 |archive-date=August 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805112755/https://www.dw.com/en/europes-flashpoints-2/av-44888523 |quote=Public anger erupted.  Soldiers were lynched in the streets including young recruits proven to have been deceived by their generals about the true intentions of the attack.}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovxi_k9f-Tg Alt URL]</ref>