Editing Malignant transformation (section)

==Due to tobacco==

The most important chemical compounds in smoked tobacco that are [[carcinogenesis|carcinogenic]] are those that produce DNA damage since such damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer.<ref name="pmid18403632">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kastan MB |title=DNA damage responses: mechanisms and roles in human disease: 2007 G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture |journal=Mol. Cancer Res. |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=517–24 |year=2008 |pmid=18403632 |doi=10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0020 |doi-access=free }}</ref>  Cunningham et al.<ref name=Cunningham>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cunningham FH, Fiebelkorn S, Johnson M, Meredith C |title=A novel application of the Margin of Exposure approach: segregation of tobacco smoke toxicants |journal=Food Chem. Toxicol. |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=2921–33 |year=2011 |pmid=21802474 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.019 }}</ref> combined the microgram weight of the compound in the smoke of one cigarette with the known [[Genotoxicity|genotoxic]] effect per microgram to identify the most [[Carcinogenesis|carcinogenic]] compounds in cigarette smoke.  These compounds and their genotoxic effects are listed in the article [[Cigarette#Health effects|Cigarette]].  The top three compounds are [[acrolein]], [[formaldehyde]] and [[acrylonitrile]], all known [[carcinogen]]s.