Editing Maranao language (section)

===Consonants===
According to Lobel (2013), Maranao has the following consonants:<ref name="Lobel 2013" />

{|class="wikitable"
|+caption |
Consonants
|-
!colspan=2|
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|align="center"|{{IPA link|m}}
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
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|-
!rowspan=3 | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | Voiceless
|align="center"|{{IPA link|p}}
|align="center"|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|k}}
|align="center"|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Heavy
|align="center"|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|align="center"|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Voiced
|align="center"|{{IPA link|b}}
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Voiceless
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Heavy
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|sʰ}}
|
|
|align="center"|({{IPA link|h}})
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
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|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|l}}
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|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|align="center"|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|j}}
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|
|}
In Maranao, {{IPA|/ʔ/}} is not phonemic word-initially<ref name="Lobel 2013" /> (similar to non-Philippine English). Hence, {{Lang|mrw|layok aken}} ('friend of mine') is smoothly pronounced {{IPA|[la.jo.ka.kən]|lang=mrw}}.

Since the heavy consonants developed from consonant clusters, they are only found word-medially.

Orthography-wise, "r" is used for {{IPA|/ɾ/}}, "y" is used for {{IPA|/j/}}, and "ng" is used for {{IPA|/ŋ/}}

====Fricative [h]====
According to Lobel (2013), {{IPA|[h]}} only occurs in a few recent [[Malay language|Malay]] [[loanwords]]:<ref name="Lobel 2013" />
*{{lang|mrw|to'''h'''an}} 'God'
*{{lang|mrw|ta'''h'''on}} 'astrological sign'
*{{lang|mrw|'''h'''adapan}} 'in front (of God)'
Earlier Arabic loanwords with "h" that entered [[Danao languages|Proto-Danao]] or earlier Maranao were realized as ''k''.

*{{lang|mrw|kalal}} 'halal (anything permissible in Islam)'
*{{lang|mrw|karam}} 'haram (anything not permissible in Islam)', 
*{{lang|mrw|kadî}} 'hadji (title for a man who has made the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca)'
*{{lang|mrw|Kadis}} 'Hadith'

====Consonant elongation====
Consonants are also pronounced longer if preceded with a schwa {{IPA|/ə/}}. However, this process is not a form of [[gemination]] since consonant elongation in Maranao is not [[distinctive feature|distinctive]] as seen in other [[Philippine languages]] such as [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]] and [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]]. Some of these are:
*{{lang|mrw|tepad}} {{IPA|[təpːad]|lang=mrw}} 'get off a vehicle'
*{{lang|mrw|tekaw}} {{IPA|[təkːaw]|lang=mrw}} 'startled; surprised'

==== Hard consonants and vowel raising ====
Since 2009, it has been proposed that previous studies on the phonology of Maranao had overlooked the presence of "heavy" consonants,<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lobel |first=Jason William |last2=Riwarung |first2=Labi Hadji Sarip |date=2011 |title=Maranao: A Preliminary Phonological Sketch With Supporting Audio |journal=Language Documentation & Conservation |language=en |volume=5 |pages=31–59 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10125/4487}}</ref><ref name="Lobel 2013" /> these four "heavy" consonants being {{IPA|/p’ t’ k’ s’/}}. Vowels that follow these consonants are raised in position.
[[File:Mrw4.svg|none|thumb|The four Maranao vowels (a, ə, i, o) are raised when they follow hard consonants<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b" />]]There are four possible environments for that determine whether the vowel will be raised or not:

# Non-raising – {{IPA|/p t k s m n ŋ r w y/}}
# Obligatory raising – {{IPA|/p’ t’ k’ s’ (h)/}}
#* {{lang|mrw|Tohan}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[t̪o.hɤn]|lang=mrw}} instead of {{IPA|[to.han]|lang=mrw}}
# Optional raising – {{IPA|/b d g/}}
#* Evidenced by some younger speakers writing {{lang|mrw|gagaan}} as {{lang|mrw|gegaan}}.
# Transparent – {{IPA|/l ʔ/}} – the raising from the consonant before it will "pass through" and affect the following vowel.

Similar vowel raising can be also found in [[Madurese language|Madurese]].

==== Historical development ====
Consonant cluster homogenization occurred in earlier Danao and Subanon, where the articulations of the first consonant followed that of the second (Ex: '''*-gp-''' > '''*-bp-''').

A study by Allison<ref>{{Cite book |last=Allison |first=E. Joe |title=Papers in Philippine Linguistics No. 10 |date=1979 |publisher=The Australian National University |editor-last=Gallman |editor-first=A. |series=Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 55 |location=Canberra |pages=53–112 |chapter=Proto-Danaw: A Comparative Study of Maranaw, Magindanaw, and Iranun |doi=10.15144/PL-A55.53 |editor-last2=Allison |editor-first2=E. |editor-last3=Harmon |editor-first3=C. |editor-last4=Witucki |editor-first4=J. |doi-access=free}}</ref> noted that Proto-Danao *b, *d, g* were lost in modern Maranao when found before other consonants with the same place of articulation (Ex: '''*bp''' > '''*p'''), but preserved elsewehere.

Lobel<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b" /> noted that this sound change actually resulted in two features of Maranao phonology: heavy consonants and raised vowels (*{{IPA|[-bpa-]}} > {{IPA|[-pʰɤ-]}}). Aspirated consonants also developed in a similar way in [[Southern Subanon language|Southern (Lapuyan) Subanon]], but without the vowel-raising.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sound changes
!Proto-Greater Central Philippine
!Proto-Danao
!Maguindanaon
!Maranao
|-
|*-gp-, *-dp-, *-bp-
|*-bp-
|  -bp-
| -ph-
|-
|*-gt-, *-dt-, *-bt-
|*-dt-
|  -dt-
| -th-
|-
|*-gs-, *-ds-, *-bs-
|*-ds-
|  -ds-
| -z- [sʰ]
|-
|*-gk-, *-dk-, *-bk-
|*-gk-
|  -gk-
| -kh-
|}