Editing Martin Frobisher (section)

===Second voyage===
[[File:John White – The skirmish at Bloody Point, Frobisher Bay (British Museum) (cropped).png|thumb|Skirmish between Martin Frobisher's men and [[Inuit]], {{circa|1577–78}}.]]

In 1577, a much bigger expedition than the former was fitted out. The Queen lent the 200-ton ship {{ship|English ship|Aid|1562|2}} or ''Ayde'' to the Company of Cathay (Frobisher's biographer James McDermott says she sold it) and invested [[Pound sign|£]]1000 ({{Inflation|UK|1000|1577|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-3}}) in the expedition.<ref name="Allen1997">{{cite book|author=David Beers Quinn|editor=John Logan Allen|title=North American Exploration|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RGlz9a4wVYC&pg=PA311|volume=I|year=1997|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-1015-9|pages=311–312|chapter=The Northwest Passage in Theory and Practice}}</ref>{{sfnp|McGhee|2001|p=59}} Prior to 30 March 1577, Frobisher petitioned the Queen to be confirmed as High Admiral of the north-western seas and governor of all lands discovered, and to receive five per cent of profits from trade. It is unknown whether or not his request was ever granted. Michael Lok, meanwhile, was petitioning the queen for his own charter, by the terms of which the Company of Cathay would have sole rights to exploit the resources of all seas, islands and lands to the west and north of England, as well as any goods produced by the peoples occupying them; Frobisher would be apportioned a much smaller share of the profits. Lok's request was ignored and a charter was never issued, nor was a royal license granted, creating corporate ambiguity that redounded to the Queen's benefit.{{sfnmp|1a1=McDermott|1y=2001a|1p=160|2a1=McGhee|2y=2001|2p=59}}

Besides ''Ayde'', the expedition included the ships ''Gabriel'' and ''Michael''; Frobisher's second-in-command aboard ''Ayde'' was Lieutenant [[George Best (chronicler)|George Best]] (who later wrote the most informative account of the three voyages) with Christopher Hall as [[Master (naval)|master]], while the navigator [[Edward Fenton]] was in command of ''Gabriel''.<ref name="Ruby2001">{{cite book|author=Robert Steven Ruby|title=Unknown Shore: The Lost History of England's Arctic Colony|url=https://archive.org/details/unknownshorelost00ruby/page/138/mode/2up|url-access=registration|date=2001|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-0-8050-5215-2|page=139]}}</ref> The learned [[John Dee]], one of the preeminent scholars of England, acquired shares in the [[Cathay Company]]'s venture,<ref name="BueltmannGleeson2012">{{cite book|author=Glynn Parry |editor=Tanja Bueltmann |editor2=David T. Gleeson |editor3=Don MacRaild|title=Locating the English Diaspora, 1500–2010|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7K4gCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-78138-706-1|page=28|chapter=Mythologies of Empire and the Earliest Diasporas}}</ref> and instructed Frobisher and Hall in the use of navigational instruments and the mathematics of navigation, as well as advising them which books, charts, and instruments the expedition should purchase.{{sfnp|McGhee|2001|pp=34–35}} The fleet left Blackwall on 27 May 1577 and headed down the Thames, ostensibly having, per the instructions of the Privy Council, a maximum complement of 120 men, including 90 mariners, gunners and carpenters to crew the ship, as well as refiners, merchants, and thirty [[Cornish people|Cornish]] miners;<ref name="Mulholland1981">{{cite book|author=James A. Mulholland|title=History of Metals in Colonial America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwzyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT28|date=1981|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=978-0-8173-0053-1|page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Calendar of State Papers: Colonial Series, East Indiès, China and Japan, 1513–1616, preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, and elsewhere. Edited by W. Noël Sainsburg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIg9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|year=1862|publisher=Longman|volume=I|page=20}}</ref> this figure included a group of convicts to be expatriated and put to use as miners in the new lands. Frobisher had exceeded the assigned quota of crewmen by at least twenty men, and perhaps by as many as forty. Letters from the Privy Council were waiting for him at Harwich, however, commanding him to trim the excess; consequently, he sent the convicts and several seamen ashore at the harbour on 31 May and set sail northwards to Scotland. The fleet anchored at St Magnus Sound in the [[Orkney|Orkney Islands]] on 7 June 1577 to take on water, and weighed anchor that evening. It enjoyed fair weather and favourable winds on its passage across the Atlantic, and "Friesland" (southern Greenland) was first sighted on 4 July.<ref name="Allen1997" /> Hall and Frobisher each attempted landing in the ship's boat but were driven back by fog and the certain knowledge of unseen ice in the water before them.{{sfnp|McDermott|2001a|pp=172–175}}

[[File:Kalicho.jpg|thumb|The Inuk 'Calichough' or '[[Kalicho]]'. Watercolour by [[John White (colonist and artist)|John White]]]]

On 8 July 1577, presented with no opportunity to land, Frobisher set his course westwards. The ships were caught almost immediately in severe storms and separated, each of them lowering their sails for long intervals. They continued this way for several days, tracking before the wind until the weather cleared on 17 July and the fleet was able to regroup, a testament to the skill of the masters. A sailor aboard ''Ayde'' spied [[Christopher Hall Island|Hall's Island]] at the mouth of Frobisher Bay the same evening. The next day, Frobisher and a small party landed at Little Hall's Island in ''Ayde's'' pinnace to search for more samples of the black ore acquired originally by Robert Garrard, but found none. On 19 July, Frobisher and forty of his best men landed at Hall's Island and made their way to its highest point, which he dubbed Mount Warwick in honour of the [[Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick|Earl of Warwick]], one of the principal investors in the expedition. There they piled a [[cairn]] of stones to mark possession of the new land and prayed solemnly for the success of their venture.{{sfnp|McDermott|2001a|p=175}}

Several weeks were now spent in collecting ore, but very little was done in the way of discovery, Frobisher being specially directed by his orders from the Company of Cathay to "defer the further discovery of the passage until another time".<ref name=" Alexander1915">{{cite book|author=George Best|editor=Philip F. Alexander|title=The North-West and North-East Passages, 1576–1611|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn1-mSkzyosC&pg=PA39|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-60061-4|page=39|chapter=Frobisher: Second Voyage (1577)}}</ref> There was much parleying and some skirmishing with the Inuit, and earnest but futile attempts were made to recover the five men captured the previous year. The expedition's return to England commenced on 23 August 1577, and ''Ayde'' reached [[Milford Haven]] in Wales on 23 September. ''Gabriel'' and ''Michael'' later arrived separately at [[Bristol]] and [[Yarmouth, Isle of Wight|Yarmouth]].{{sfnp|McGhee|2001|p=79}}<ref name="Williams201024" />

Frobisher brought with him three Inuit who had been forcibly taken from Baffin Island: a man called Calichough or [[Kalicho]], a woman, Egnock or [[Arnaq]], and her child, Nutioc or Nuttaaq.<ref name="Fossett2001">{{cite book|author=Renée Fossett|title=In Order to Live Untroubled: Inuit of the Central Arctic, 1550–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yK7cac_mXGgC&pg=PA37|year=2001|publisher=Univ. of Manitoba Press|isbn=978-0-88755-328-8|page=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite ODNB |first=Alden T. |last=Vaughan |title=American Indians in England (act. c. 1500–1615) |date=26 May 2016 |id=71116}}</ref> All three died soon after their arrival in England,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Death of the Inuit Man in England: Postmortem report and comments of Dr. Edward Dodding (Excerpts) |website=American Beginnings: The European Presence in North America, 1492–1690 |publisher=[[National Humanities Center]] |date=2006 |url=http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/exploration/text3/dodding.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Kupperman200994">{{cite book|author=Karen Ordahl Kupperman|title=The Jamestown Project|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIp7_e8KMJ0C&pg=PA94|date=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02702-2|page=94}}</ref> Calichough dying from a wound suffered when a rib was broken unintentionally during his capture and eventually punctured his lung.

Frobisher was received and thanked by the queen at [[Windsor Castle|Windsor]].<ref name="Brimacombe2011">{{cite book|author=Peter Brimacombe|title=All the Queen's Men|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dsYSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT85|date=2011|publisher=History Press|isbn=978-0-7524-7404-5|page=85}}</ref> Great preparations were made and considerable expense incurred for the assaying of the great quantity of "ore" (about 200 tons) brought home. This took much time<ref name="Schwartz2008">{{cite book|author=Seymour I. Schwartz|title=The Mismapping of America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytxhjRNCeqkC&pg=PA80|date=2008|publisher=University Rochester Press|isbn=978-1-58046-302-7|page=80}}</ref><ref name="Mayers2016" /> and led to disputes among the various interested parties.<ref name="Williams201024">{{cite book|author=Glyn Williams|title=Arctic Labyrinth: The Quest for the Northwest Passage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6kwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|date=2010|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-26995-8|page=24}}</ref>