Editing Mast cell (section)

===In the gut===
In the gastrointestinal tract, mucosal mast cells are located in close proximity to sensory nerve fibres, which communicate bidirectionally.<ref name="FGID mast cell" /><ref name="pmid24833851">{{cite journal | vauthors = Budzyński J, Kłopocka M | title = Brain-gut axis in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection | journal = World J. Gastroenterol. | volume = 20 | issue = 18 | pages = 5212–25 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24833851 | pmc = 4017036 | doi = 10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5212 | quote = In digestive tissue, H. pylori can alter signaling in the brain-gut axis by mast cells, the main brain-gut axis effector | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Microbiome-CNS-ENS">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carabotti M, Scirocco A, Maselli MA, Severi C | title = The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems | journal = Ann Gastroenterol | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 203–209 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25830558 | pmc = 4367209 }}</ref> When these mast cells initially degranulate, they release mediators (e.g., histamine, tryptase, and serotonin) which activate, sensitize, and [[Downregulation and upregulation|upregulate membrane expression]] of [[nociceptor]]s (i.e., [[TRPV1]]) on visceral [[afferent neuron]]s via their receptors (respectively, [[HRH1]], [[HRH2]], [[HRH3]], [[Protease-activated receptor 2|PAR2]], [[5-HT3]]);<ref name="FGID mast cell" /> in turn, neurogenic inflammation, [[visceral hypersensitivity]], and [[Gastrointestinal physiology#Motility|intestinal dysmotility]] (i.e., impaired [[peristalsis]]) result.<ref name="FGID mast cell" /> Neuronal activation induces neuropeptide ([[substance P]] and [[calcitonin gene-related peptide]]) signaling to mast cells where they bind to their associated [[G-protein coupled receptor|receptor]]s and trigger degranulation of a distinct set of mediators ([[hexosaminidase|β-Hexosaminidase]], [[cytokines]], [[chemokines]], [[PGD2]], [[leukotriene]]s, and [[eoxin]]s<!--"15-LO" in the lipid body biogenesis diagram is the synthesizing enzyme for eoxins-->).<ref name="FGID mast cell">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wouters MM, Vicario M, Santos J | title = The role of mast cells in functional GI disorders | journal = Gut | volume = 65| issue = 1| pages = 155–168| year = 2015 | pmid = 26194403 | doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309151 | quote = Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are characterized by chronic complaints arising from disorganized brain-gut interactions leading to dysmotility and hypersensitivity. The two most prevalent FGIDs, affecting up to 16–26% of worldwide population, are functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome.&nbsp;... It is well established that mast cell activation can generate epithelial and neuro-muscular dysfunction and promote visceral hypersensitivity and altered motility patterns in FGIDs, postoperative ileus, food allergy and inflammatory bowel disease.<br /> ▸ Mast cells play a central pathophysiological role in IBS and possibly in functional dyspepsia, although not well defined.<br /> ▸ Increased mast cell activation is a common finding in the mucosa of patients with functional GI disorders.&nbsp;...<br /> ▸ Treatment with mast cell stabilisers offers a reasonably safe and promising option for the management of those patients with IBS non-responding to conventional approaches, though future studies are warranted to evaluate efficacy and indications.| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Mast cell mediators - eoxins">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moon TC, Befus AD, Kulka M | title = Mast cell mediators: their differential release and the secretory pathways involved | journal = Front Immunol | volume = 5 | pages = 569 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25452755 | pmc = 4231949 | doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00569 | quote = Two types of degranulation have been described for MC: piecemeal degranulation (PMD) and anaphylactic degranulation (AND) (Figures 1 and 2). Both PMD and AND occur in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro in MC in human (78–82), mouse (83), and rat (84). PMD is selective release of portions of the granule contents, without granule-to-granule and/or granule-to-plasma membrane fusions.&nbsp;... In contrast to PMD, AND is the explosive release of granule contents or entire granules to the outside of cells after granule-to-granule and/or granule-to-plasma membrane fusions (Figures 1 and 2). Ultrastructural studies show that AND starts with granule swelling and matrix alteration after appropriate stimulation (e.g., FcεRI-crosslinking).| doi-access = free }}<br />[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4231949/figure/F1/ Figure 1: Mediator release from mast cells] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024530/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4231949/figure/F1/ |date=29 April 2018 }}<br />[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4231949/figure/F2/ Figure 2: Model of genesis of mast cell secretory granules] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024530/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4231949/figure/F2/ |date=29 April 2018 }}<br />[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4231949/figure/F3/ Figure 3: Lipid body biogenesis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024530/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4231949/figure/F3/ |date=29 April 2018 }}<br />[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4231949/table/T2/ Table 2: Stimuli-selective mediator release from mast cells] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024530/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4231949/table/T2/ |date=29 April 2018 }}</ref>