Editing Match (section)

===Friction matches===
[[File:Congreve matchbox.jpg|thumb|A [[tin]] "Congreves" matchbox (1827), produced by [[John Walker (inventor)|John Walker]], inventor of the friction match.]]

Chemical matches were unable to make the leap into mass production, due to the expense, their cumbersome nature, and the inherent danger of using them. An alternative method was to produce the ignition through friction produced by rubbing two rough surfaces together. An early example was made by François Derosne in 1816. His crude match was called a ''briquet phosphorique'' and it used a sulfur-tipped match to scrape inside a tube coated internally with phosphorus. It was both inconvenient and unsafe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158648/Francois-Derosne|title=Francois Derosne – French inventor|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212625/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158648/Francois-Derosne|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2012)</ref>

{{Anchor|Lucifer}}The first successful friction match was invented in 1826 by [[John Walker (inventor)|John Walker]], an English chemist and druggist from [[Stockton-on-Tees]], [[County Durham]]. He developed a keen interest in trying to find a means of obtaining fire easily. Several chemical mixtures were already known that would ignite by a sudden explosion, but it had not been found possible to transmit the flame to a slow-burning substance like wood. While Walker was preparing a lighting mixture on one occasion, a match that had been dipped in it took fire by an accidental friction upon the hearth. He at once appreciated the practical value of the discovery, and started making friction matches. They consisted of wooden splints or sticks of cardboard coated with [[sulfur]] and tipped with a mixture of [[antimony trisulfide|sulfide of antimony]], [[Potassium chlorate|chlorate of potash]], and [[Natural gum|gum]]. The treatment with sulfur helped the splints to catch fire, and the odor was improved by the addition of camphor.<ref name=crass1/> The price of a box of 50 matches was one [[Shilling (British coin)|shilling]]. With each box was supplied a piece of sandpaper, folded double, through which the match had to be drawn to ignite it. Walker did not name the matches "''Congreves''" in honour of the inventor and [[Congreve rocket|rocket]] pioneer [[Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet|Sir William Congreve]], as it is sometimes stated. The ''congreves'' were the invention of Charles Sauria, a French chemistry student at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bone|first=William A.|date=1927-04-01|title=The Centenary of the Friction Match|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=119|issue=2996|pages=495–496|doi=10.1038/119495a0|bibcode=1927Natur.119..495B |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=White Phosphorus|url=http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2001/osullivan/white_phosphorus.htm|access-date=2021-05-15|website=www.chm.bris.ac.uk}}</ref> Walker did not divulge the exact composition of his matches.<ref>{{DNB|no-icon=1|prescript=|wstitle=Walker, John (1781?-1859)}}</ref> Between 1827 and 1829, Walker made about 168 sales of his matches. It was, however, dangerous and flaming balls sometimes fell to the floor, burning carpets and dresses, leading to their ban in France and Germany.<ref name="tomlinson" /> Walker either refused or neglected to patent his invention.<ref name="crass1">{{cite journal|title=A history of the match industry. Part 1| author=Crass, M. F. Jr. |year=1941|pages=116–120|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=18|doi=10.1021/ed018p116|issue=3|bibcode = 1941JChEd..18..116C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/archaeologiaaeli06sociuoft#page/n23/mode/1up/|title=Curator's Report for 1909 |year=1909|page=xviii-xix|journal=Archaeologia Aeliana |series=Third Series|volume=6|author=Brewis, W, Parke}}</ref>

In 1829, Scots inventor [[Sir Isaac Holden]] invented an improved version of Walker's match and demonstrated it to his class at Castle Academy in [[Reading, Berkshire]]. Holden did not patent his invention and claimed that one of his pupils wrote to his father Samuel Jones, a chemist in London who commercialised his process.<ref>John Wesley Hanson (1900) ''Wonders of the nineteenth century: a panoramic review of the inventions and discoveries of the past hundred years'', W. B. Conkey Publishers, Chicago</ref> A version of Holden's match was patented by Samuel Jones, and these were sold as ''[[lucifer]] matches''. These early matches had a number of problems{{snd}} an initial violent reaction, an unsteady flame, and unpleasant odor and fumes. Lucifers could ignite explosively, sometimes throwing sparks a considerable distance. Lucifers were manufactured in the United States by Ezekial Byam.<ref name=crass1/> 

The term "lucifer" persisted as [[slang]] for a match into the 20th century. For example, the song "[[Pack Up Your Troubles in Your Old Kit-Bag|Pack Up Your Troubles]]" includes the line "while you’ve a lucifer to light your fag". Matches are still called "lucifers" in [[Dutch language|Dutch]].

[[File:Bryant and May packing girls.jpg|thumb|left|Packing girls at the [[Bryant & May]] factory]]
[[File:Floral Repoussé Decoration Matchsafe, ca. 1875 (CH 18502105) black background.jpg|thumb|Match container, {{c.|1875}}]]
Lucifers were quickly replaced after 1830 by matches made according to the process devised by Frenchman [[Charles Sauria]], who substituted [[Phosphorus#Allotropes|white phosphorus]] for the antimony sulfide.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lewis R. Goldfrank|last2=Flomenbaum|first2=Neal|title=Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvJuLqBxGUcC&pg=PA1486|access-date=19 November 2011|year=2006|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-147914-1|pages=1486–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709025856/http://books.google.com/books?id=cvJuLqBxGUcC&pg=PA1486|archive-date=9 July 2014}}</ref> These new phosphorus matches had to be kept in airtight metal boxes but became popular and went by the name of ''loco foco'' ("crazy fire") in the United States, from which was derived the name of a [[Locofocos|political party]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hatfield, J.|year=1856|title=History of American Friction Matches|journal=Scientific American|volume=11|issue=49|pages=387}}</ref> The earliest American patent for the phosphorus friction match was granted in 1836 to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of [[Springfield, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite patent|country=us|inventor=D. Phillips|pubdate=1836-10-24|number= 68}}</ref>

From 1830 to 1890, the composition of these matches remained largely unchanged, although some improvements were made. In 1843 William Ashgard replaced the sulfur with beeswax, reducing the pungency of the fumes. This was replaced by [[Paraffin wax|paraffin]] in 1862 by Charles W. Smith, resulting in what were called "parlor matches". From 1870 the end of the splint was fireproofed by impregnation with fire-retardant chemicals such as alum, sodium silicate, and other salts resulting in what was commonly called a "drunkard's match" that prevented the accidental burning of the user's fingers. Other advances were made for the mass manufacture of matches. Early matches were made from blocks of woods with cuts separating the splints but leaving their bases attached. Later versions were made in the form of thin combs. The splints would be broken away from the comb when required.<ref name=crass3/>

A noiseless match was invented in 1836 by the Hungarian [[János Irinyi]], who was a student of chemistry.<ref name="Patent">{{cite web|title=János Irinyi|publisher=Hungarian Patent Office|url=http://www.mszh.hu/English/feltalalok/irinyi.html|access-date=18 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304082506/http://www.mszh.hu/English/feltalalok/irinyi.html|archive-date=4 March 2010}}</ref> An unsuccessful experiment by his professor, Meissner, gave Irinyi the idea to replace potassium chlorate with [[lead dioxide]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Development of matches|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Janos-Irinyi|access-date=18 March 2008}}</ref> in the head of the phosphorus match.<ref name="Patent"/> He liquefied phosphorus in warm water and shook it in a glass vial, until the two liquids [[emulsion|emulsified]]. He mixed the phosphorus with lead dioxide and [[gum arabic]], poured the paste-like mass into a jar, and dipped the pine sticks into the mixture and let them dry. When he tried them that evening, all of them lit evenly. He sold the invention and production rights for these ''noiseless matches'' to István Rómer, a Hungarian pharmacist living in [[Vienna]], for 60 [[Austro-Hungarian florin|florin]]s (about 22.5&nbsp;[[troy ounce|oz t]] of silver). As a match manufacturer, Rómer became rich, and Irinyi went on to publish articles and a textbook on chemistry, and founded several match factories.<ref name="Patent"/>