Editing Mawlid (section)

==Observances==
===Where===
{{main|#Permissibility}}

Mawlid is celebrated in almost all Islamic countries, and in other countries that have a significant Muslim population, such as Ethiopia, [[India]], the United Kingdom, Turkey, Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Iraq, Iran, Maldives, Morocco, Jordan, Libya, Russia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamdag.info/video/1127 |title=Mawlid celebration in Russia |publisher=Islamdag.info |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912231720/http://islamdag.info/video/1127 |archive-date=12 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and Canada.<ref name="canada observances"/> Hari Maulaud Nabi is a public holiday in the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=Notice - Proclamation - Special Public & Bank Holidays 2022 Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands |url=https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/a33-2021-2022-public-holidays-cocos-keeling-islands.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101095635/https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/a33-2021-2022-public-holidays-cocos-keeling-islands.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=[[Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts]] }}</ref>

In the last decades of the late 20th century there has been a trend to "forbid or discredit" Mawlid because of the rise of [[Salafism]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Reuven Firestone|title=An Introduction to Islam for Jews|date=2010|publisher=[[Jewish Publication Society]]|isbn=9780827610491|page=132|edition=revised}}</ref>{{sfn|Katz|2007|p=184}}

===Sunni celebration===
The first Sunni mawlid celebration that we have a detailed description of was sponsored by [[Saladin]]'s general, Muzaffar al-Din Kokburi ([[Gökböri]]) and included the slaughtering of thousands of animals for a banquet which is believed to have cost 300,000 [[dirham]]s.{{sfn|Katz|2007|loc=Kindle Location 2069}}

The presence of guests and the distribution of monetary gifts at ''mawlid'' festivals had an important social function as they symbolized "concretizing ties of patronage and dramatizing the benevolence of the ruler" and also held religious significance, as "issues of spending and feeding were pivotal both to the religious and social function of the celebration."{{sfn|Katz|2007}}{{pn|date=August 2022}} Often organized in some countries by the Sunni Sufi orders,{{Sfn|Knappert|1988|pp=209–215}} Mawlid is celebrated in a [[carnival]] manner, large street processions are held and homes or mosques are decorated. Charity and food is distributed, and stories about the life of Muhammad are narrated with recitation of poetry by children.<ref name=FestivalsInIndia>{{cite web|url=http://www.festivalsinindia.net/barah-wafat/eid-ul-milad-rituals.html |title=Festivals in India |publisher=Festivals in India |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071214154947/http://www.pakistantimes.net/2007/04/02/top1.htm Pakistan Celebrate Eid Milad-un-Nabi with Religious Zeal, Fervor]}}. Pakistan Times. 2 April 2007.</ref> Scholars and poets celebrate by reciting [[Qaṣīda al-Burda]] Sharif, the famous poem by 13th-century Arabic Sufi [[Al-Busiri|Busiri]]. A general Mawlid appears as "a chaotic, incoherent spectacle, where numerous events happen simultaneously, all held together only by the common festive time and space".<ref name="Schielke 2012">{{cite journal|last=Schielke|first=Samuli|title=Habitus of the authentic, order of the rational: contesting saints' festivals in contemporary Egypt.|journal=Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies|year=2012|volume=12|issue=2}}</ref> These celebrations are often considered an expression of the Sufi concept of the pre-existence of Muhammad.{{Sfn|Knappert|1988|pp=209–215}} However, the main significance of these festivities is the expression of love for Muhammad.<ref name="Schielke 2012"/>
===Theological pros and cons===
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Early ''fatwas'' and criticisms of the ''mawlid'' have taken issue with the "possibility of coerced giving" as hosts often took monetary contributions from their guests for festival costs.{{sfn|Katz|2007}}{{pn|date=August 2022}}

Jurists often conceptualized the observance of Muhammad's day of birth as a "form of reciprocation for God's bestowal of the Prophet Muhammad" as a way of justifying celebrations.{{sfn|Katz|2007}}{{pn|date=August 2022}} According to this thought, the bestowal of such a gift required thanks, which came in the form of the celebration of the ''mawlid''. Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali (1392 CE) and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalini (1449 CE) both expressed such ideas, specifically referencing the hadith about the Jews and the fast of ‘[[Ashura]]’, but broadening the conception of "thanks to God" to multiple forms of worship including [[prostration]], [[fasting]], [[almsgiving]], and [[Qira'at|Qur’anic recitation]].{{sfn|Katz|2007}}{{pn|date=August 2022}} The only limitation Ibn Hajar places on forms of celebration is that they must be neutral under [[Shari’a]].{{sfn|Katz|2007}}{{pn|date=August 2022}}

===By country===
'''Yemen'''

In Yemen, Mawlid al-Nabi, the celebration of Muhammad's birthday, is one of the most significant events of the year and is home to the largest Mawlid gathering in the world. In cities like Sana'a and other major urban centers, millions of people gather to mark the occasion with religious ceremonies, poetry recitations, and large processions, creating a deeply spiritual atmosphere. The color green, the Prophet's favorite color, is prominently worn by many, symbolizing life, renewal, and a connection to his legacy. Streets, mosques, and homes are adorned with green decorations and lights, further enhancing the festive mood. The event is not only a religious observance but also a reflection of Yemen’s strong cultural and historical ties to the Prophet’s life and teachings. 

====Pakistan====
[[File:International Mawlid Conference at Minar-e-Pakistan Lahore by Minhaj-ul-Quran1.jpg|thumb|International Mawlid Conference, [[Minar-e-Pakistan]], [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]].]]

During [[Pakistan]]'s Mawlid, the day starts with a 31-gun salute in the federal capital and a [[21-gun salute]] at the provincial capitals and religious hymns are sung during the day.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051104162648/http://pakistantimes.net/2005/04/21/top1.htm Pakistan with Muslims world-over celebrate Eid Milad-un-Nabi tomorrow]}}</ref>

====Indonesia====
[[File:Sekaten Yogyakarta 2011 1.JPG|thumb|[[Sekaten]] fair in [[Indonesia]],<ref>[https://dawuhguru.co.id/bulan-maulid-memuat-nilai-nilai-dan-sejarah-penting-umat-islam/ Bulan Maulid Memuat Nilai Nilai dan Sejarah Penting Umat Islam], [[Dawuh Guru Media]]. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> a week-long celebration of Mawlid.]]

In many parts of [[Indonesia]], the celebration of the ''Mawlid al-nabi'' "seems to surpass in importance, liveliness, and splendour" the two official Islamic holidays of [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]].<ref>Herman Beck, [https://books.google.com/books?id=178X5n7zArwC&pg=PA262 Islamic purity at odds with Javanese identity: the Muhammadiyah and the celebration of Garebeg Maulud ritual in Yogyakarta], Pluralism and Identity: Studies in Ritual Behaviour, eds Jan Platvoet and K. van der Toorn, [[Brill Publishers|BRILL]], 1995, pg 262</ref>

====Tunisia====
In Qayrawan, Tunisia, Muslims sing and chant hymns of praise to Muhammad, welcoming him in honor of his birth.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Speight |first=Marston |year=1980 |title=The nature of Christian and Muslim festivals |journal=The Muslim World |volume=70 |issue=3–4 |pages=260–266 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.1980.tb03417.x}}</ref> Also, generally in Tunisia, people usually prepare [[Assidat Zgougou]] to celebrate the Mawlid.<ref>[http://www.tunisia-live.net/2014/01/13/how-does-tunisia-celebrate-al-mawlid/ How Does Tunisia Celebrate Al Mawlid?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118225455/http://www.tunisia-live.net/2014/01/13/how-does-tunisia-celebrate-al-mawlid/ |date=18 January 2014 }} ''Tunisia Live''</ref>

====Turkey====
In [[Turkey]], Mawlid is widely celebrated. It is referred to as ''Mevlid Kandili'' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], which means "the candle feast for the Prophet's day of birth".<ref>{{cite book | last=Schimmel | first=Annemarie | title=And Muhammad Is His Messenger The Veneration of Prophet in Islamic Piety | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=1985 | isbn=0-8078-1639-6}}</ref> Traditional poems regarding Muhammad's life are recited both in public mosques and at home in the evening.<ref>Kenan Aksu ''Turkey: A Regional Power in the Making'' Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 18.07.2014 {{ISBN|9781443864534}} p. 231</ref> The most celebrated of these is the Mawlid of [[Süleyman Çelebi (poet)|Süleyman Çelebi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=LEVENT |first=Sibel ÜST ERDEM & Ramazan BÖLÜK-Mehmet Burak ÇAKIN-Sema |title=Journal of Turkish Studies |url=https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_ing_ozet&makale_id=21280 |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=turkishstudies.net |date=17 October 2019 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=389–418 |doi=10.7827/TurkishStudies.13040 |language=tr|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mawlid |url=http://www.lastprophet.info/the-mawlid |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Muhammad (pbuh) - Prophet of Islam |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630135723/https://lastprophet.info/the-mawlid |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Süleyman Çelebi {{!}} Turkish poet {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Suleyman-Celebi |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Plenty of other mawlids were written in [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman times]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Mevlid Külliyyatı |publisher=Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları |year=2016 |isbn=978-975-19-6600-1 |edition=2nd |location=Ankara}}</ref>

====India====
[[File:Julus e Muhammadi on Mawlid un Nabi at Aligarh Muslim University, India.jpg|thumb|Milad/Mawlid un Nabi celebrations at Aligarh Muslim University, India]]
Among non-Muslim countries, India is noted for its Mawlid festivities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/46394241.cms |title=Milad Celebrated |work=The Times of India |date=14 May 2003 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> The [[relics of Muhammad]] are displayed after the morning prayers in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] at the [[Hazratbal Shrine]], where night-long prayers are also held.<ref>[http://www.tajanews.com/noqnews/nnqview.php?ArtID=1159 TajaNews<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214093639/http://www.tajanews.com/noqnews/nnqview.php?ArtID=1159|date=14 December 2007}}</ref> [[Hyderabad]] [[Telangana]] is noted for its grand milad festivities. Religious meetings, night-long prayers, rallies, parades and decorations are made throughout the city, and schools declare holiday.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrating the prophet: Religious nationalism and the politics of Milad-un-Nabi festivals in India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260530903|access-date=2020-10-28|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>

=== The prophet himself ===
According to [[Sahih Muslim]], the [[prophet]] fasted on his own birthday, which is why some Muslims also observe that fact and fast the day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Amjad |date=2020-10-26 |title=Did The Prophet (pbuh) Commemorate His Mawlid? |url=https://www.suffahfoundation.com/did-the-prophet-pbuh-commemorate-his-mawlid/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Suffah Foundation |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[File:Charminar during Miladunnabi.jpg|thumb|Eid Milad-un--Nabi in Hyderabad, India]]