Editing Maya script (section)

== Emblem glyphs ==
[[File:Tikalemblem.jpg|left|thumb|Tikal or "Mutal" Emblem Glyph, Stela 26 in Tikal's Litoteca Museum]]
[[File:NaranjoStela10Maler.jpg|thumb|upright|An inscription in Maya glyphs from the site of [[Naranjo]], relating to the reign of king ''Itzamnaaj Kʼawil'', 784–810]]
An "emblem glyph" is a kind of royal title. It consists of a place name followed by the word ''[[ajaw]]'', a Classic Maya term for "lord" with an unclear but well-attested etymology.{{sfn|Lacadena García-Gallo|Ciudad Ruiz|1998|pp=31–64}} Sometimes the title is introduced by an adjective ''kʼuhul'' ("holy, divine" or "sacred"), resulting in the construction "holy &#91;placename&#93; lord". However, an "emblem glyph" is not a "glyph" at all: it can be spelled with any number of syllabic or logographic signs and several alternative spellings are attested for the words ''kʼuhul'' and ''ajaw'', which form the stable core of the title. "Emblem glyph" simply reflects the time when Mayanists could not read Classic Maya inscriptions and used a term to isolate specific recurring structural components of the written narratives, and other remaining examples of Maya orthography.

This title was identified in 1958 by [[Heinrich Berlin]], who coined the term "emblem glyph".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Berlin |first=H. |date=1958 |title=El Glifo Emblema en las inscripciones Maya |journal=Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris |volume=47 |pages=111–119 |language=es}}</ref> Berlin noticed that the "emblem glyphs" consisted of a larger "main sign" and two smaller signs now read as ''[[kʼuhul ajaw]]''. Berlin also noticed that while the smaller elements remained relatively constant, the main sign changed from site to site. Berlin proposed that the main signs identified individual cities, their ruling dynasties, or the territories they controlled. Subsequently, {{harvtxt|Marcus|1976}} argued that the "emblem glyphs" referred to archaeological sites, or more so the prominence and standing of the site, broken down in a 5-tiered hierarchy of asymmetrical distribution. Marcus' research assumed that the emblem glyphs were distributed in a pattern of relative site importance depending on broadness of distribution, roughly broken down as follows: '''Primary regional centers (capitals)''' ([[Tikal]], [[Calakmul]], and other "superpowers") were generally first in the region to acquire a unique emblem glyph(s). Texts referring to other primary regional centers occur in the texts of these "capitals", and dependencies exist which use the primary center's glyph. '''Secondary centers''' ([[Altun Ha]], [[Lubaantun]], [[Xunantunich]], and other mid-sized cities) had their own glyphs but are only rarely mentioned in texts found in the primary regional center, while repeatedly mentioning the regional center in their own texts. '''Tertiary centers''' (towns) had no glyphs of their own, but have texts mentioning the primary regional centers and perhaps secondary regional centers on occasion. These were followed by the '''villages''' with no emblem glyphs and no texts mentioning the larger centers, and '''hamlets''' with little evidence of texts at all.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Marcus |first=J. |title=Territorial Organization of the Lowland Classic Maya |journal=Science |date=1 June 1973 |volume=180 |number=4089 |pages=911–916|doi=10.1126/science.180.4089.911 |pmid=17735911 |bibcode=1973Sci...180..911M |s2cid=37509459 }}</ref> This model was largely unchallenged for over a decade until Mathews and Justeson,{{sfn|Mathews|1991}} as well as Houston,{{sfn|Houston|1986}} argued once again that the "emblem glyphs" were the titles of Maya rulers with some geographical association.

The debate on the nature of "emblem glyphs" received a new spin in {{harvtxt|Stuart|Houston|1994}}. The authors demonstrated that there were many place-names-proper, some real, some mythological, mentioned in the hieroglyphic inscriptions. Some of these place names also appeared in the "emblem glyphs", some were attested in the "titles of origin" (expressions like "a person from Lubaantun"), but some were not incorporated in personal titles at all. Moreover, the authors also highlighted the cases when the "titles of origin" and the "emblem glyphs" did not overlap, building upon Houston's earlier research.{{sfn|Houston|1993|pp=97–101}} Houston noticed that the establishment and spread of the Tikal-originated dynasty in the Petexbatun region was accompanied by the proliferation of rulers using the Tikal "emblem glyph" placing political and dynastic ascendancy above the current seats of rulership.<ref>{{cite conference |first=A. |last=Tokovinine |title=People from a place: re-interpreting Classic Maya "Emblem Glyphs" |conference=11th European Maya Conference "Ecology, Power, and Religion in Maya Landscapes" |location=Malmö University, Sweden |date=December 2006}}</ref> Recent investigations also emphasize the use of emblem glyphs as an [[Emic and etic|emic]] identifier to shape socio-political self-identity.<ref>{{cite conference |first=S. |last=Gronemeyer |publication-date=2012 |title=Maya Political Relations and Strategies |conference=The 14th European Maya Conference |location=Cracow |date=2009 |book-title=Contributions in New World Archaeology |volume=4 |editor1-first=Jarosław |editor1-last=Źrałka |editor2-first=Wiesław |editor2-last=Koszkul |editor3-first=Beata |editor3-last=Golińska |pages=13–40 |publisher=Polska Akademia Umiejętności and Uniwersytet Jagielloński}}</ref>