Editing Metonymy (section)

==Examples==
{{Main|List of metonyms}}
[[File:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG|thumb|The [[White House]] is the official residence of the [[President of the United States]], and its name is a common metonym for the presidency and [[cabinet of the United States]].]]
Here are some broad kinds of relationships where metonymy is frequently used:

*Tools/instruments: Often a tool is used to signify the job it does or the person who does the job, as in the phrase "his Rolodex is long and valuable" (referring to the Rolodex instrument, which keeps contact business cards, meaning he has a lot of contacts and knows many people). Also "the press" (referring to the printing press), or as in the proverb, "The pen is mightier than the sword."
*Product for process: This is a type of metonymy where the product of the activity stands for the activity itself. For example, in "The book is moving right along", ''the book'' refers to the process of writing or publishing.<ref>Lakoff and Johnson 1999, p. 203</ref>
*Punctuation marks often stand metonymically for a meaning expressed by the punctuation mark. For example, "He's a big ''question mark'' to me" indicates that something is unknown.<ref>Lakoff and Johnson 1999, p. 245</ref> In the same way, 'period' can be used to emphasise that a point is concluded or not to be challenged.
*[[Synecdoche]]: A part of something is often used for the whole, as when people refer to "head" of cattle or assistants are referred to as "hands". An example of this is the [[Canadian dollar]], referred to as the [[loonie]] for the image of a bird on the one-dollar coin. [[United States one hundred-dollar bill]]s are often referred to as "Bens", "Benjamins" or "Franklins" because they bear a portrait of [[Benjamin Franklin]]. Also, the whole of something is used for a part, as when people refer to a municipal employee as "the city" or police officers as "the law".[[File:Londres - Fleet Street.JPG|thumb|[[Fleet Street]] (where most British national newspapers previously operated) is a metonym for the British press]]
**A physical item, place, or body part used to refer to a related concept, such as "the bench" for the judicial profession, "stomach" or "belly" for appetite or hunger, "mouth" for speech, being "in diapers" for infancy, "palate" for taste, "the altar" or "the aisle" for marriage, "hand" for someone's responsibility for something ("he had a hand in it"), "head" or "brain" for mind or intelligence, or "nose" for concern about someone else's affairs, (as in "keep your nose out of my business"). A reference to [[Timbuktu]], as in "from here to Timbuktu", usually means a place or idea is too far away or mysterious.
**Containment: When one thing contains another, it can frequently be used metonymically, as when "dish" is used to refer not to a plate but to the food it contains, when a "book" refers not to pages bound at the edge but to the work of literature it contains, or as when the name of a building is used to refer to the entity it contains, as when "the [[White House]]" or "[[the Pentagon]]" are used to refer to the Administration of the United States, or the U.S. Department of Defense, respectively. 
*[[Toponymy|Toponym]]s: A country's [[capital city]] or some location within the city is frequently used as a metonym for the country's government, such as [[Washington, D.C.]], in the United States; [[Ottawa]] in Canada; [[Rome]] in [[Italy]]; [[Paris]] in [[France]]; [[Tokyo]] in [[Japan]]; [[New Delhi]] in India; [[London]] in the United Kingdom; [[Moscow]] in Russia, etc. Perhaps the oldest such example is "[[Pharaoh]]" which originally referred to the residence of the King of Egypt but by the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] had come to refer to the king himself. Similarly, other important places, such as [[Wall Street]], [[K Street (Washington, D.C.)|K Street]], [[Madison Avenue]], [[Silicon Valley]], [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]], [[Las Vegas|Vegas]], and [[Metro Detroit|Detroit]] are commonly used to refer to the industries that are located there ([[finance]], [[lobbying]], [[advertising]], [[high tech]]nology, [[Cinema of the United States|entertainment]], [[gambling]], and [[Big Three automobile manufacturers|motor vehicles]], respectively). Such usage may also extend to surrounding areas of these regions, such as film studios in Burbank or tech companies in the broader San Francisco Bay Area. Such usage may persist even when the industries in question have either moved elsewhere or have never been solely contained to one area, for example, individuals speaking of "Silicon Valley" may be thinking of [[Microsoft]] in Washington state, and [[Fleet Street]] continues to be used as a metonymy for the British national [[journalism|press]], though many [[List of newspapers in the United Kingdom|national publications]] are no longer headquartered on the street of that name.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=The London Encyclopaedia |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Pan MacMillan]] |author-link1=Ben Weinreb |page=300 |isbn=978-1-4050-4924-5 |last2=Hibbert |first2=Christopher |last3=Keay |first3=Julia |last4=Keay |first4=John |last1=Weinreb |first1=Ben |author-link2=Christopher Hibbert |author-link4=John Keay |title-link=The London Encyclopaedia}}</ref>

=== Places and institutions ===
[[File:Башни Московского кремля.jpg|thumb|The [[Kremlin]] is often used as a metonym for the central governments of both the [[Soviet Union]] and modern [[Russia]]]]
The name of a [[capital city]] or notable government building is often used to refer to the authority headquartered there, [[Brussels]] for the [[institutions of the European Union|European Union]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 April 2016|title=Spain to ask Brussels for extra year to meet deficit target|work=Reuters|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-spain-economy-idUKKCN0X70F3|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729174258/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-spain-economy-idUKKCN0X70F3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rankin|first=Jennifer|date=13 June 2017|title=Brussels plan could force euro clearing out of UK after Brexit|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jun/13/brussels-euro-uk-brexit-eu-business|access-date=23 June 2017|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231052637/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jun/13/brussels-euro-uk-brexit-eu-business|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Hague]] for the [[International Court of Justice]] or [[International Criminal Court]] (and often international courts generally), [[Nairobi]] for the [[government of Kenya]], the [[Kremlin]] for that of [[Russia]] (and historically, the [[Soviet Union]]), or the [[White House]] and [[Foggy Bottom]] for the United States' [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|Executive Office]] and [[United States State Department|State Department]], respectively, or [[Zhongnanhai]] for the central government of China. A notable historical example is the use of the [[Sublime Porte]] to refer to the central government (or more particularly, sometimes the foreign ministry) of the [[Ottoman Empire]].

A place (or places) can represent an entire industry. For instance: [[Wall Street]], used metonymically, can stand for the United States'. [[financial center|financial sector and major banks]];<ref name="gibbs jr.">{{cite book|last= Gibbs|first= Raymond W. Jr.|chapter=Speaking and Thinking with Metonymy |title=Pattern and Process: A Whiteheadian Perspective on Linguistics, ed. Klaus-Uwe Panther and Günter Radden|year= 1999|publisher= John Benjamins Publishing|location= Amsterdam|isbn= 978-9027223562|pages= 61–76|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=82R4CnbaQ0kC}}</ref> [[K Street (Washington, D.C.)|K Street]] for Washington, D.C.'s [[lobbying]] industry or [[lobbying in the United States]] in general;<ref name="Shales">{{cite news |last=Shales |first=Tom |date=September 15, 2003 |title=HBO's ''K Street'', In Uncharted Territory |pages=C01 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref> [[Hollywood, Los Angeles| Hollywood]] for the [[Cinema of the United States|U.S. film industry]], and the people associated with it; [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] for the [[Broadway theatre|American commercial theatrical industry]]; [[Madison Avenue]] for the American advertising industry; and [[Silicon Valley]] for the American technology industry. The [[High Street]] (of which there are over 5,000 in Britain) is a term commonly used to refer to the entire British retail sector.<ref>{{cite news |title=What next for the high street? |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/consumer-business/articles/what-next-for-the-high-street.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=Deloitte UK}}</ref> Common nouns and phrases can also be metonyms: "[[red tape]]" can stand for [[bureaucracy]], whether or not that bureaucracy uses actual red tape to bind documents. In [[Commonwealth realm]]s, [[the Crown]] is a legal metonym for the [[State (polity)|state]] in all its aspects.<ref name=Jackson20>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcIf46DzpfUC| last= Jackson| first= Michael D| title= The Crown and Canadian Federalism| page= 20| publisher= Dundurn Press| location= Toronto| year= 2013| isbn= 9781459709898}}</ref>