Editing Michael Bloomberg (section)

=== Mayor of New York City ===
{{Main|Mayoralty of Michael Bloomberg}}
[[File:George W. Bush and Michael Bloomberg.jpg|thumb|Bloomberg with President [[George W. Bush]] in 2003]]

Bloomberg assumed office as the 108th [[mayor of New York City]] on January 1, 2002.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Steinhauer|first=Jennifer|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/01/nyregion/the-mayoral-transition-overview-bloomberg-takes-oath-as-108th-mayor-of-new-york.html|title=THE MAYORAL TRANSITION: OVERVIEW; Bloomberg Takes Oath as 108th Mayor of New York|date=January 1, 2002|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 19, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He won re-election in 2005 and again in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2009/11/04/bloomberg-elected-to-a-third-term/|title=Bloomberg elected to a third term|last=Lisi|first=Clemente|date=November 4, 2009|website=New York Post|language=en|access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref> As mayor, he initially struggled with approval ratings as low as 24 percent;<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/mikebloomberg00purn |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/mikebloomberg00purn/page/102 102] |title=Mike Bloomberg: Money, Power, Politics |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-0-7867-4621-7 |last1=Purnick |first1=Joyce |author-link=Joyce Purnick|date=September 22, 2009 }}</ref> however, he subsequently developed and maintained high approval ratings.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/mikebloomberg00purn |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/mikebloomberg00purn/page/119 119] |title=Mike Bloomberg: Money, Power, Politics |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-0-7867-4621-7 |last1=Purnick |first1=Joyce |date=September 22, 2009 }}</ref> Bloomberg joined [[Rudy Giuliani]], [[John Lindsay]], and [[Fiorello La Guardia]] as re-elected Republican mayors in the mostly Democratic city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2020/03/03/mike-bloomberg-upsets-critics-wealth-seek-presidency/4753489002/|title=Bloomberg upsets critics by spending wealth to seek presidency|last=Krupa|first=Gregg|website=The Detroit News|language=en|access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref>

Bloomberg stated that he wanted [[public education]] reform to be the legacy of his first term and addressing poverty to be the legacy of his second.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gothamgazette.com/index.php/education/3352-the-mayors-legacy-educational-improvements-and-poverty-reduction-or-bold-budgeting-and-economic-development |title=The Mayor's Legacy: Educational Improvements and Poverty Reduction, Or Bold Budgeting and Economic Development? |work=[[Gotham Gazette]] |date=August 13, 2007 |first=Glenn |last=Pasanen |access-date=February 17, 2020 }}</ref>

[[File:P111512PS-0317 (8248707334).jpg|thumb|Bloomberg with President [[Barack Obama]] in 2012]]

Bloomberg chose to apply a statistical, metrics-based management approach to city government, and granted departmental commissioners' broad autonomy in their decision-making. Breaking with 190 years of tradition, he implemented what ''New York Times'' political reporter [[Adam Nagourney]] called a "bullpen" [[open plan|open office]] plan, similar to a [[Wall Street]] trading floor, in which dozens of aides and managerial staff are seated together in a large chamber. The design is intended to promote accountability and accessibility.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nagourney |first=Adam |date=December 25, 2001 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/25/nyregion/bloomberg-vows-to-work-at-center-of-things.html |title=Bloomberg Vows to Work at Center of Things |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 18, 2016 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

Bloomberg accepted a [[One-dollar salary|remuneration of $1 annually]] in lieu of the mayoral salary.<ref>{{cite news |first=Robert W. |last=Wood |date=April 5, 2014 |work=Forbes |access-date=February 17, 2020 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertwood/2014/04/05/tax-smart-billionaires-who-work-for-1/ |title=Tax-Smart Billionaires Who Work For $1 }}</ref>

[[File:Primer Foro Latinoamericano Bloomberg Auspiciando la Alianza del Pacífico. (15138698720).jpg|thumb|Bloomberg with presidents of [[Colombia]], [[Chile]], [[Peru]] and [[Mexico]] in 2014]]

As mayor, Bloomberg turned the city's $6&nbsp;billion budget deficit into a $3&nbsp;billion surplus, largely by raising property taxes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/politics/2012/05/5832308/bloomberg-presents-balanced-budget-moving-parts|title=Bloomberg presents a balanced budget, with moving parts|last=Rubinstein|first=Dana|date=May 3, 2012|publisher=Capital New York|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506142304/http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/politics/2012/05/5832308/bloomberg-presents-balanced-budget-moving-parts|archive-date=May 6, 2012|access-date=November 5, 2012}}</ref> Bloomberg increased city funding for the new development of affordable housing through a plan that created and preserved an estimated 160,000 affordable homes in the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2015/04/the-mayors-affordable-housing-optimism-021017|title=The mayor's affordable housing optimism|work=Politico PRO|access-date=August 13, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/428-13/mayor-bloomberg-city-will-reach-160-000-units-affordable-housing-financed-under-new#/0|title=City will reach 160,000 units of affordable housing by year's end under New Housing Marketplace Plan|date=December 21, 2013|work=The official website of the City of New York|access-date=August 13, 2018}}</ref> In 2003, he implemented a successful [[smoking ban]] in all indoor workplaces, including bars and restaurants, and many other cities and states followed suit.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Farley|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COtwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT39|title=Saving Gotham: A Billionaire Mayor, Activist Doctors, and the Fight for Eight Million Lives|date=October 13, 2015|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-24880-7|language=en}}</ref> On December 5, 2006, New York City became the first city in the United States to [[Ban on trans-fat|ban trans-fat]] from all restaurants.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dunlap|first=David W.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/01/nyregion/blocks-capturing-the-spirit-of-1776-but-with-a-different-number.html|title=Blocks; Capturing the Spirit of 1776, but With a Different Number|date=January 1, 2004|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 19, 2006}}</ref> This went into effect in July 2008 and has since been adopted in many other cities and countries. Bloomberg created [[bicycle lanes]], required chain restaurants to post [[Calorie count laws|calorie counts]], and [[pedestrianized]] much of [[Times Square]]. In 2011, Bloomberg launched the NYC Young Men's Initiative, a $127&nbsp;million initiative to support programs and policies designed to address disparities between young Black and Latino men and their peers, and personally donated $30&nbsp;million to the project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.org/press/releases/young-mens-initiative-to-aid-young-black-and-latino-males/|title=Young Men's Initiative to Aid Young Black and Latino Males|website=Bloomberg Philanthropies|language=en-US|access-date=April 1, 2020}}</ref> In 2010, Bloomberg supported the then-controversial [[Park51|Islamic complex near Ground Zero]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Dorothy Rabinowitz|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703545604575407160266158170|title=Liberal Piety and the Memory of 9/11; The enlightened class can't understand why the public is uneasy about the Ground Zero mosque|date=August 4, 2010|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=August 4, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725035032/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703545604575407160266158170|archive-date=July 25, 2015}}</ref>

Under the Bloomberg Administration, the [[New York City Police Department]] greatly expanded its [[Stop-and-frisk in New York City|stop and frisk]] program, with a sixfold increase in documented stops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyclu.org/en/stop-and-frisk-data|title=Stop-and-Frisk Data|date=January 2, 2012|website=New York Civil Liberties Union|language=en|access-date=April 1, 2020}}</ref> The policy was challenged in [[U.S. Federal Court]], which ruled that the city's implementation of the policy violated citizens' rights under the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment of the Constitution]] and encouraged racial profiling.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Devereaux|first=Ryan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/12/stop-and-frisk-landmark-ruling|title=New York's stop-and-frisk trial comes to a close with landmark ruling|date=August 12, 2013|work=The Guardian|access-date=April 1, 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Matt|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/12/new-york-stop-and-frisk-unconstitutional-judge|title=New York's stop-and-frisk policy is unconstitutional, judge rules|date=August 12, 2013|work=The Guardian|access-date=April 1, 2020|last2=Devereaux|first2=Ryan|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Bloomberg's administration appealed the ruling; however, his successor, Mayor Bill de Blasio, dropped the appeal and allowed the ruling to take effect.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weiser|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/02/nyregion/departing-judge-offers-blunt-defense-of-ruling-that-ended-stop-and-frisk.html|title=Departing Judge Offers Blunt Defense of Ruling in Stop-and-Frisk Case|date=May 2, 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 1, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> After the [[September 11 attacks]], with assistance from the Central Intelligence Agency, Bloomberg's administration oversaw a controversial program that surveilled Muslim communities on the basis of their religion, ethnicity, and language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/other/factsheet-nypd-muslim-surveillance-program|title=Factsheet: The NYPD Muslim Surveillance Program|website=American Civil Liberties Union|language=en|access-date=April 1, 2020}}</ref> The program was discontinued in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/08/21/justice/new-york-nypd-surveillance-no-leads/index.html|title=Surveillance unit produced no terrorism leads, NYPD says|first= David |last=Ariosto|website=CNN|date=August 22, 2012|access-date=April 1, 2020}}</ref>

In a January 2014 [[Quinnipiac University Polling Institute|Quinnipiac]] poll, 64 percent of voters called Bloomberg's 12 years as mayor "mainly a success".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://poll.qu.edu/new-york-city/release-detail?ReleaseID=1997|title=QU Poll Release Detail|website=QU Poll|publisher=[[Quinnipiac University]]|location=New Haven, Connecticut|language=en|access-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref>