Editing Middle power (section)

==Overlaps between great powers and middle powers==
The overlaps between the lists of middle powers and great powers show that there is no unanimous agreement among authorities.<ref>Mehmet Ozkan. "A NEW APPROACH TO GLOBAL SECURITY: PIVOTAL MIDDLE POWERS AND GLOBAL POLITICS" Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs XI.1 (2006): 77–95</ref>

Nations including [[China]], [[France]], [[Russia]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] are generally considered to be [[great power]]s due to their economic, military or strategic importance, their status as [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|recognized]] [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear powers]] and their permanent seats on the [[United Nations Security Council]]. Academics also commonly cite [[Germany]], [[India]] and [[Japan]] as great powers, due to their large, advanced economies and global influence rather than military and strategic capabilities;<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Encarta – The Great Powers|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040520192843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html|archive-date=20 May 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> yet some sources have at times referred to these nations as middle powers.<ref name="European Security After 9/11'">P. Shearman, M. Sussex, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=T55xTVQq4IIC European Security After 9/11]'' (Ashgate, 2004) – According to Shearman and Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status.</ref><ref>Soeya Yoshihide, 'Diplomacy for Japan as a Middle Power, ''Japan Echo'', Vol. 35, No. 2 (2008), pp. 36–41.</ref>

Some in the field of international relations, such as [[John Kirton]] and Roberto Gimeno claim that [[Italy]] is a great power due to its status and membership in the [[G7]] and [[NATO Quint]].<ref>Roberto Gimeno & Atelier de cartographie de Sciences Po, "La Russie et les grandes puissances (G8 et Chine)" [http://cartographie.sciences-po.fr/sites/default/files/17_2_g8etchine_droite.jpg Russia and the Great Powers (G8 and China)], chart], ''[[Questions Internationales]]'', No. 27 (septembre–octobre, 2007)

</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton198901/kcon1.htm|title=The Seven-Power Summit as an International Concert|website=g8.utoronto.ca}}</ref> Moreover, according to a 2014 report by the Hague Centre for Strategic Studies (HCSS), Italy is listed among the great powers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hcss.nl/reports/why-are-pivot-states-so-pivotal-the-role-of-pivot-states-in-regional-and-global-security/150/ |title=Why are Pivot states so Pivotal? |access-date=24 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211162346/http://www.hcss.nl/reports/why-are-pivot-states-so-pivotal-the-role-of-pivot-states-in-regional-and-global-security/150/ |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Although broad academic support for India as a great power is uncommon, some in the field of political science, such as Malik Mohan and Dr. [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], consider India to be a great power as well.<ref name=Brzezinski>''[https://archive.org/details/strategicvisiona0000brze Strategic Vision: America & the Crisis of Global Power]'' by Dr. [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], pp 43–45. Published 2012.</ref><ref name=MohanMalik>{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Mohan|title=China and India: Great Power Rivals|date=2011|publisher=FirstForumPress|location=United States|isbn=978-1935049418}}</ref> Likewise, [[Brazil]] is sometimes referred as a great power due to its economic power and influence,<ref name="Kwang Ho Chun">{{cite book|author=Kwang Ho Chun|title=The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgDJNAEACAAJ|access-date=21 September 2015|year=2013|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-1-4094-6869-1}}</ref><ref name="Heine1">Heine J (2006) [http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy], ''ISN'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007112321/http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en|date=7 October 2007|df=y }}</ref> with Italy at times being considered a great power due to these factors as well as its cultural power.

The following eight countries have at some point in the [[post–Cold War era]] been considered great powers but also middle powers by academics or other experts:

*'''{{flagcountry|Brazil|size=23px}}'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibsanews.com/pt/eeuu-eespecialistas-reclamam-reconhecimento-do-brasil-como-potecircncia-mundial/ |title=Especialistas reclamam reconhecimento do Brasil como potência mundial. |publisher=IBS News|date=15 June 2011 |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dci.com.br/pela-primeira-vez-brasil-emerge-como-potencia-internacional,-diz-patriota-id293466.html |title=Pela primeira vez Brasil emerge como potência internacional, diz Patriota |date=10 May 2012 |access-date=7 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607101653/http://www.dci.com.br/pela-primeira-vez-brasil-emerge-como-potencia-internacional,-diz-patriota-id293466.html |archive-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201109150218.html |title=Brazil – Emerging Soft Power of the World. |publisher=allAfrica.com |date=15 September 2011 |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sidneyrezende.com/noticia/143872+brasil+ganha+dos+estados+unidos+em+influencia+na+america+do+sul |title=Brasil ganha dos Estados Unidos em influência na América do Sul |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=2 September 2011 |access-date=7 April 2017 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820232230/http://www2.sidneyrezende.com/noticia/143872+brasil+ganha+dos+estados+unidos+em+influencia+na+america+do+sul |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''{{flagcountry|France|size=23px}}'''<ref name="European Security After 9/11'"/><ref name="Ifri_1">{{Cite book|author=Éric-André Martin and Marie Krpata|date=October 2021|title=The Dilemma of Middle Powers: How AUKUS Has Reshaped the Potential for E3 Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific|url=https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/martin_krpata_aukus_e3_cooperation_indopacific_2021.pdf|publisher=[[Institut français des relations internationales|Ifri]], Notes du Cerfa|language=en|page=20|volume=166|quote= Countries such as Canada, Australia, South Korea, Japan, India and European powers like the UK, Germany and France can be considered as middle powers.|access-date=8 January 2022|isbn=979-10-373-0432-2}}</ref>
* '''{{flagcountry|Germany|size=23px}}'''<ref name="Otte-Greve">Otte M, Greve J (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rqoJL6yuSqwC A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989–1999], ''St. Martin's Press''</ref><ref name="Sperling">{{cite journal|journal=British Journal of Political Science|title=Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe|author=Sperling, James|year=2001|doi=10.1017/S0007123401000151|volume=31|issue=2|pages=389–425}}</ref><ref name="Ifri_1"/>
* '''{{flagcountry|India|size=23px}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} India|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/india/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en|quote="The next tier of regional powers — Japan and India — have each lost more ground in 2021 than did China. Both countries have fallen just short of the major power threshold of 40 points in 2021... One result of greater bipolarity is that US allies, such as Japan and Australia, and even key balancing powers, such as India, have never been more dependent on American capacity and willingness to sustain a military balance of power in the region."}}</ref><ref name="Harris"/><ref>Charalampos Efstathopoulosa, 'Reinterpreting India's Rise through the Middle Power Prism', ''Asian Journal of Political Science'', Vol. 19, Issue 1 (2011), p. 75: 'India's role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept. The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India's globalist agency, shifting the analytical focus beyond material-statistical calculations to theorise behavioural, normative and ideational parameters.'</ref><ref>Robert W. Bradnock, ''India's Foreign Policy since 1971'' (The Royal Institute for International Affairs, London: Pinter Publishers, 1990), quoted in Leonard Stone, 'India and the Central Eurasian Space', ''Journal of Third World Studies'', Vol. 24, No. 2, 2007, p. 183: 'The U.S. is a superpower whereas India is a middle power. A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both. But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind. The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former."</ref><ref>Jan Cartwright, 'India's Regional and International Support for Democracy: Rhetoric or Reality?', ''Asian Survey'', Vol. 49, No. 3 (May/June 2009), p. 424: 'India's democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising "middle power." (A "middle power" is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally. In addition to India, other "middle powers" include, for example, Australia and Canada.)'</ref><ref name="Ifri_1"/>
* '''{{flagcountry|Italy|size=23px}}'''<ref>"[[Operation Alba]] may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, ''Italy and the European Union'' (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171.</ref><ref>"Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See ''Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook'', Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Marco Siddi|date=October 2018|title=Italy's 'Middle Power' Approach to Russia|url= https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2018.1519765|journal=The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs|language=en|quote=The definition of 'middle power' is contested and has been the subject of controversy among scholars. According to the Italian interpretation of this concept, Italy is a middle-ranking power with limited natural and military resources and one that can only achieve its foreign policy goals by expanding its influence in international organisations and through bilateral relations with larger powers.|volume=54|issue=2|pages=123–138|doi=10.1080/03932729.2018.1519765|s2cid=158301312|issn=0393-2729|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* '''{{flagcountry|Japan|size=23px}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} Japan|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/Japan/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en|quote="The next tier of regional powers — Japan and India — have each lost more ground in 2021 than did China. Both countries have fallen just short of the major power threshold of 40 points in 2021... One result of greater bipolarity is that US allies, such as Japan and Australia, and even key balancing powers, such as India, have never been more dependent on American capacity and willingness to sustain a military balance of power in the region."}}</ref><ref name="Harris"/><ref>Robert W. Cox, 'Middlepowermanship, Japan, and Future World Order, ''International Journal'', Vol. 44, No. 4 (1989), pp. 823–862.</ref><ref name="Ifri_1"/>
* '''{{flagcountry|Russia|size=23px}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} Russia|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/russia/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Iver B.|last=Neumann|title=Russia as a great power, 1815–2007|journal=Journal of International Relations and Development|year=2008|volume=11|issue=2|pages=128–151 [p. 128]|quote=As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully fledged great power.|doi=10.1057/jird.2008.7 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* '''{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|size=23px}}'''<ref name="European Security After 9/11'"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chalmers|first1=Malcolm|title=A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR|journal=Royal United Services Institute|date=May 2015|volume=Briefing Paper|issue=SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead|page=2|quote="While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a 'middle power'."}}</ref><ref name="Ifri_1"/> 
The United States<ref>[[iarchive:fromcolonytosupe00herr|<!-- quote=From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776. --> From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776]] (Published 2008), by Professor George C. Herring (Professor of History at Kentucky University)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} US|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/united-states/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en|quote= The United States beat the regional downward trend, gaining points in five Index measures, and overtaking China in two critical rankings: for diplomatic Influence and future resources. But its gains are dogged by a rapid loss of economic influence.}}</ref> and China<ref>{{cite web|last=Muldavin|first=Joshua|date=9 February 2006|title=From Rural Transformation to Global Integration: The Environmental and Social Impacts of China's Rise to Superpower|url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=851&prog=zch|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514102913/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=851&prog=zch|archive-date=14 May 2011|access-date=17 January 2010|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref><ref name="ChinaFuture">{{cite news|date=19 October 2012|title=A Point Of View: What kind of superpower could China be?|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19995218|access-date=21 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=13 November 2007|title=China as a global power|url=http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848|access-date=27 August 2010|publisher=China.usc.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miura |first=Kacie |date=2024-03-04 |title=China after Mao: the rise of a superpower |url=https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-abstract/100/2/883/7617199?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=International Affairs |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=883–885 |doi=10.1093/ia/iiae025 |issn=0020-5850|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lees |first=Francis A. |date=1997 |title=China Superpower |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230371699 |journal=SpringerLink |language=en |doi=10.1057/9780230371699|url-access=subscription }}</ref> are considered by many scholars to exceed the traditional criterion of [[great power]], or instead to be [[superpower]]s, and are therefore not listed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yu|first=Katrina|title=China-US: Relations fray between the two superpowers|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/china-us-relations-fray-superpowers-200717183321246.html|access-date=21 September 2020|website=aljazeera.com|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918080259/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/china-us-relations-fray-superpowers-200717183321246.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Five big takeaways from the 2019 Asia Power Index|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/power-shifts-fevered-times-2019-asia-power-index|access-date=9 July 2020|website=lowyinstitute.org|language=en|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724203232/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/power-shifts-fevered-times-2019-asia-power-index|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-07-14 |title=Many Germans believe China will replace US as superpower: survey {{!}} DW {{!}} 14 July 2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-china-us-superpower/a-54173383 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250127194031/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-china-us-superpower/a-54173383 |archive-date=2025-01-27 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Ifri">{{Cite book|author=Éric-André Martin and Marie Krpata|date=October 2021|title=The Dilemma of Middle Powers: How AUKUS Has Reshaped the Potential for E3 Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific|url=https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/martin_krpata_aukus_e3_cooperation_indopacific_2021.pdf|publisher=[[Institut français des relations internationales|Ifri]], Notes du Cerfa|language=en|volume=166|quote=The (US) Department of Defense defined the Indo-Pacific as its "priority theater"...This tilt is an acknowledgment of China's increased role in world economics. China's share in world GDP has risen from 4% in 2000 to 16% today. Since it joined the WTO in 2001 and with the unfolding of the economic and financial crises in 2008–2009, which diminished the West's soft power and economic and financial strengths, China has become the world's powerhouse. This has increasingly led to what may be described today as great-power rivalry between China and the US.|access-date=8 January 2022|isbn=979-10-373-0432-2}}</ref>