Editing Molokai (section)

===Leper colony===
[[Leprosy]] (also known as Hansen's disease) was introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by traders, sailors, workers and others who lived in societies where it was [[endemic]]. Sugar planters were worried about the effects on their labor force and pressured the government to take action to control the spread of leprosy.
[[File:Molokai coast with a view of the federal leprosarium.jpg|thumb|Leper colony 1907 on Moloka{{okina}}i]]

The legislature passed a control act requiring quarantine of people with leprosy. The government established [[Kalawao]] located on the isolated Kalaupapa peninsula on the northern side of Moloka{{okina}}i, followed by [[Kalaupapa]] as the sites of a leper colony that operated from 1866 to 1969. Because Kalaupapa had a better climate and sea access, it developed as the main community. A research hospital was developed at Kalawao. The population of these settlements reached a peak of 1,100 shortly after the beginning of the 20th century.

In total over the decades, more than 8,500 men, women and children living throughout the Hawaiian islands and diagnosed with leprosy were exiled to the colony by the Hawaiian government and legally declared dead. This public health measure was continued after the Kingdom became a U.S. territory. Patients were not allowed to leave the settlement nor have visitors and had to live out their days here. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://visitmolokai.com/kala.html |title=Kalaupapa, Molokai, Hawaii – Father Damien |access-date=2009-09-29 |publisher=VisitMolokai.com web site |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630141656/http://visitmolokai.com/kala.html |archive-date=2014-06-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Arthur Albert St. Mouritz]] served as a physician to the leper settlement from 1884 to 1887.<ref name="ijl">Wade, H. W. (1951). [http://ila.ilsl.br/pdfs/v19n2a11.pdf/ Human Inoculation Experiments in Hawaii Including Notes On Those of Arning and Of Fitch]. ''International Journal of Leprosy''. Volume 19 Number 2. Retrieved April 5, 2020</ref><ref name="Amundson 2010">Amundson, Ron (2010). [https://dsq-sds.org/article/view/1270/1300/ A Wholesome Horror: The Stigmas of Leprosy in 19th Century Hawaii] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606202816/https://dsq-sds.org/article/view/1270/1300/ |date=2020-06-06 }}. ''Disability Studies Quarterly''. Volume 30 Number 3/4. Retrieved April 5, 2020.</ref><ref name="NPS Chap III">{{cite book |last=Greene |first=Linda W. |date=1985 |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/kala/pdf/Kalaupapa.pdf |title=Exile in Paradise, the isolation of Hawaii's leprosy victims and development of Kalaupapa settlement, 1865 to the present |department=Kalaupapa Historical Park |work=Historic resource study |page=11 |section=III Leprosy in Hawaii |location=Molokai, Hawaii |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615175545/https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/kala/pdf/Kalaupapa.pdf |archive-date=2019-06-15 |language=en-US |url-status=dead}}</ref> He explained how leprosy was spread.<ref name="potd">Mouritz, Arthur Albert St. M. (1916). ''[https://archive.org/details/pathofdestroyerh00mour/page/n6/mode/2up/ The Path of the Destroyer]'' Retrieved April 5, 2020.</ref>
[[File:The Kalaupapa Leper Settlement.jpg|thumb|The Kalaupapa Leper Settlement]]

[[Pater Damiaan|Pater Damiaan de Veuster]], a [[Belgium|Belgian]] [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priest]] of the [[Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary]] served as a missionary for 16 years in the communities of sufferers of leprosy. [[Joseph Dutton]], who served in the 13th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the [[American Civil War]] and converted to [[Roman Catholicism]] in 1883, came to Moloka{{okina}}i in 1886 to help Pater Damiaan and the rest of the population who suffered from leprosy. Pater Damiaan died at Kalaupapa in 1889 while Joseph Dutton died in Honolulu in 1931 at the age of 87. [[Mother Marianne Cope]] of the [[Third Order of St. Francis#Sisters of St. Francis of Philadelphia|Sisters of Saint Francis of Syracuse, New York]], brought six of her Sisters to work in Hawaiʻi with leprosy sufferers in the late 19th century, also serving on Moloka{{okina}}i.

Both Father Damiaan and Mother Marianne have been [[canonization|canonized as Saints by the Roman Catholic Church]] for their charitable work and devotion to sufferers of leprosy. In December 2015, the cause of Joseph Dutton was formally opened, obtaining him the title [[Servant of God]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bishop Silva moves forward with Joseph Dutton's canonization cause |url=https://hawaiicatholicherald.com/2021/06/09/bishop-silva-moves-forward-with-joseph-duttons-canonization-cause/ |website=Hawaii Catholic Herald |access-date=11 April 2024 |date=9 June 2021}}</ref>

In the 1920s, people confined in the leper colony were treated with a new method devised by [[Alice Ball]] and involving [[Hydnocarpus wightianus#Leprosy|chaulmoogra oil]].<ref name="Chem Matters2">{{cite journal |last1=Wermager |first1=Paul |last2=Carl |first2=Heltzel |date=1 February 2007 |editor1-last=Heltzel |editor1-first=Carl |editor2-last=Tinnesand |editor2-first=Michael |editor3-last=Kanaskie |editor3-first=Leona |editor4-last=Harris |editor4-first=Cornithia |editor5-last=Barlow |editor5-first=Sandra |editor6-last=Taylor |editor6-first=Terri |editor7-last=Isikooff |editor7-first=Peter |title=Alice A. Ball: Young Chemist Gave Hope to Millions |url=http://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/chemmatters-february-2007.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=ChemMatters |language=English |publication-place=[[Washington, D.C.]], United States of America |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=17–19 |issn=0736-4687 |oclc=9135366 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713035905/http://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/chemmatters-february-2007.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2014 |access-date=22 June 2021 |display-editors=2}}</ref><ref name="Daily">{{cite news |last=Cederlind |first=Erika |date=29 February 2008 |title=A tribute to Alice Bell: A Scientist whose Work with Leprosy was Overshadowed by a White Successor |newspaper=The Daily of the University of Washington |url=http://dailyuw.com/archive/2008/02/29/imported/tribute-alice-bell-scientist-whose-work-leprosy-was-overshadowed-white-s |url-status=dead |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806162033/http://dailyuw.com/archive/2008/02/29/imported/tribute-alice-bell-scientist-whose-work-leprosy-was-overshadowed-white-s |archive-date=2014-08-06 |id=[Note: Headline has: Alice {{sic|Bell|expected=Ball}}; rest of article correctly names "Alice Ball"]}}</ref> In the 1940s, [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide drugs]] were developed and provided a more effective treatment. Antibiotic [[Dapsone]] has been used for leprosy since 1945.<ref name=Zhu2001>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhu YI, Stiller MJ | title = Dapsone and sulfones in dermatology: overview and update | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 420–434 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11511841 | doi = 10.1067/mjd.2001.114733 | s2cid = 39874987 }}</ref> Modern Multidrug therapy (MDT) remains highly effective, and people are no longer infectious after the first monthly dose.<ref name="WHO Fact Sheet">{{cite web |title=Leprosy |url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leprosy |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131111807/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leprosy |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1969, the century-old laws of forced quarantine were abolished. Former patients living in Kalaupapa today have chosen to remain here, most for the rest of their lives.<ref>"[https://www.nps.gov/kala/learn/historyculture/a-brief-history-of-kalaupapa.htm Kalaupapa National Historical Park – A Brief History of Kalaupapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723105708/https://www.nps.gov/kala/learn/historyculture/a-brief-history-of-kalaupapa.htm |date=2019-07-23 }} ([[U.S. National Park Service]])." U.S. National Park Service – Experience Your America. Web. 19 Nov. 2009.</ref> In the 21st century, there are no persons on the island with active cases of leprosy, which has been controlled through medication, but some former patients chose to continue to live in the settlement after its official closure.<ref>"[http://www.nps.gov/kala/historyculture/patients.htm Kalaupapa National Historical Park – Hansen's Disease Patients at Kalawao and Kalaupapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516002307/http://www.nps.gov/kala/historyculture/patients.htm |date=2013-05-16 }} ([[U.S. National Park Service]])." U.S. National Park Service – Experience Your America. Web. 19 Nov. 2009.</ref>