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Monism
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=== Pre-Socratic === While the lack of information makes it difficult in some cases to be sure of the details, the following [[pre-Socratic philosophers]] thought in monistic terms:{{sfn|Abernethy|Langford|1970|pp=1β7}} * [[Thales]]: Water * [[Anaximander]]: ''[[Apeiron]]'' (meaning 'the undefined infinite'). Reality is some, one thing, but we cannot know what. * [[Anaximenes of Miletus]]: Air * [[Heraclitus]]: Change, symbolized by fire (in that everything is in constant flux). * [[Parmenides]]: Being or Reality is an unmoving perfect sphere, unchanging, undivided.{{sfn|Abernethy|Langford|1970|pp=8β9}}
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