Editing Motivation (section)

=== Components ===
Motivation is sometimes discussed in terms of three main components: direction, intensity, and persistence. Direction refers to the goal people choose. It is the objective in which they decide to invest their energy. For example, if one roommate decides to go to the movies while the other visits a party, they both have motivation but their motivational states differ in regard to the direction they pursue.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Abernethy|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=w-FlXA8p7vQC&pg=PA281 281]}} |2={{harvnb|Weiner|Schmitt|Highhouse|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_Iay338rosC&pg=PA311 311–312]}} |3={{harvnb|Nicholson|1998|loc=Motivation|p=330}} }}</ref> The pursued objective often forms part of a hierarchy of means-end relationships. This implies that several steps or lower-level goals may have to be fulfilled to reach a higher-level goal. For example, to achieve the higher-level goal of writing a complete article, one needs to realize different lower-level goals, like writing different sections of the article.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Weiner|Schmitt|Highhouse|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_Iay338rosC&pg=PA314 314]}} |2={{harvnb|Reynolds|Olson|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kjB5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA418 418]}} }}</ref> Some goals are specific, like reducing one's weight by 3&nbsp;kg, while others are non-specific, like losing as much weight as possible. Specific goals often affect motivation and performance positively by making it easier to plan and track progress.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Klein|Whitener|Ilgen|1990|pp=179–180, 189}} | {{harvnb|Wallace|Etkin|2018|pp=1033–1036}} }}</ref>

The goal belongs to the individual's motivational reason and explains why they favor an action and engage in it. Motivational reasons contrast with normative reasons, which are facts that determine what should be done or why a course of action is objectively good. Motivational reasons can be in tune with normative reasons but this is not always the case.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Harrison|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AfZeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4–6]}} |2={{harvnb|Alvarez|2017|loc=lead section, §2. Normative Reasons, §3.1 Motivating Reasons}} |3={{harvnb|Timpe|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HYrFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22]}} }}</ref> For example, if a cake is poisoned then this is a normative reason for the host not to offer it to their guests. But if they are not aware of the poison then politeness may be their motivating reason to offer it.<ref>{{harvnb|Alvarez|2017|loc=§2. Normative Reasons}}</ref>

The intensity of motivation corresponds to how much energy someone is willing to invest into a particular task. For instance, two athletes engaging in the same drill have the same direction but differ concerning the motivational intensity if one gives their best while the other only puts in minimal effort.<ref name="auto6">{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Abernethy|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=w-FlXA8p7vQC&pg=PA281 281]}} |2={{harvnb|Nicholson|1998|loc=Motivation|p=330}} |3={{harvnb|Weiner|Schmitt|Highhouse|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_Iay338rosC&pg=PA311 311–312]}} }}</ref> Some theorists use the term "effort" rather than "intensity" for this component.<ref>{{harvnb|Armstrong|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=D78K7QIdR3UC&pg=PA252 252]}}</ref>

The strength of a motivational state also affects whether it is translated into action. One theory states that different motivational states compete with each other and that only the behavior with the highest net force of motivation is put into action.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Mele|2003|pp=162–163}} |2={{harvnb|McCann|1995|pp=571–573}} }}</ref> However, it is controversial whether this is always true. For example, it has been suggested that in cases of rational deliberation, it may be possible to act against one's strongest motive.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|McCann|1995|pp=576, 582–583}} |2={{harvnb|Mele|2005|p=246}} |3={{harvnb|Ewing|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wbn7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 175]}} |4={{harvnb|Ewing|1934|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27901421 126–127]}} }}</ref> Another problem is that this view may lead to a form of [[determinism]] that denies the existence of [[free will]].<ref>{{harvnb|Looper|2020|pp=1347–1348, 1359–1360}}</ref>

Persistence is the long-term component of motivation and refers to how long an individual engages in an activity. A high level of motivational persistence manifests itself in a sustained dedication over time.<ref name="auto6"/> The motivational persistence in relation to the chosen goal contrasts with flexibility on the level of the means: individuals may adjust their approach and try different strategies on the level of the means to reach a pursued end. This way, individuals can adapt to changes in the physical and social environment that affect the effectiveness of previously chosen means.<ref>{{harvnb|Shah|Gardner|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5f9OAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 154]}}</ref>

The components of motivation can be understood in analogy to the allocation of limited resources: direction, intensity, and persistence determine where to allocate energy, how much of it, and for how long.<ref>{{harvnb|Weiner|Schmitt|Highhouse|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_Iay338rosC&pg=PA311 311–312]}}</ref> For effective action, it is usually relevant to have the right form of motivation on all three levels: to pursue an appropriate goal with the required intensity and persistence.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Abernethy|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=w-FlXA8p7vQC&pg=PA281 281]}} |2={{harvnb|Nicholson|1998|loc=Motivation|p=330}} }}</ref>