Editing Mount Merapi (section)

===2010 eruption===
{{Main|2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi}}

[[File:Destroyed house in Cangkringan Village after the 2010 Eruptions of Mount Merapi.jpg|thumb|Destroyed house in Cangkringan Village after the 2010 eruptions]]

In late October, the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency (CVGHM), (''Indonesian language''—Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Badan Geologi-PVMBG), reported that a pattern of increasing seismicity from Merapi had begun to emerge in early September.

Observers at Babadan {{cvt|7|km}} west and [[Kaliurang]] {{cvt|8|km}} south of the mountain reported hearing an [[avalanche]] on 12 September. On 13 September, white plumes were observed rising {{cvt|800|m}} above the crater. Lava dome inflation, detected since March, increased from background levels of {{cvt|0.1|mm}} to {{cvt|0.3|mm}} per day to a rate of {{cvt|11|mm}} per day on 16 September. On 19 September, earthquakes continued to be numerous, and the next day CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1–4).<ref>'[http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-25=&volpage=weekly#Sep2010 Global Volcanism Program, SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Reports Merapi, 22–28 September 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804074541/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-25=&volpage=weekly#Sep2010 |date=4 August 2020 }}. Retrieved 26 October 2010</ref> Lava from Mount Merapi in [[Central Java]] began flowing down the Gendol River on 23–24 October signalling the likelihood of an imminent [[volcanic eruption|eruption]].<ref name="Malik2010-10-24" />

On 25 October, the Indonesian government raised the alert for Mount Merapi to its highest level (4) and warned villagers in threatened areas to move to safer ground. People living within a {{cvt|10|km}} zone were told to evacuate. The evacuation orders affected at least 19,000 people; however, the number that complied at the time remained unclear to authorities.<ref name="thenews1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest-news/3748.htm|title=Indonesia volcano death toll rises to 25: officials|date=27 October 2010|work=The News International|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-date=25 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125084950/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest-news/3748.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the [[magma]] had risen to about {{cvt|1|km|ft}} below the surface due to the seismic activity<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11617502|title=Highest alert issued for Indonesia's Merapi volcano|publisher=BBC News|date=25 October 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-date=26 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026053613/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11617502|url-status=live}}</ref>

After a period of multiple eruptions considered to exceed the intensity and duration of those in 1872<ref name=bknpb1>{{cite news|url=http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=129|title=Rekor Baru Letusan Merapi|publisher=Badan Koordinasi Nasional Penanganan Bencana-Indonesian Disaster Management Office|author=BNPB|language=id|date=9 November 2010|access-date=9 November 2010|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721122335/http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=129|url-status=live}}</ref> on 10 November 2010 the intensity and frequency of eruptions was noticed to subside.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101110/wl_afp/indonesiavolcano;_ylt=Atrp1gonuAiD7VkzJPv66p4Bxg8F;_ylu=X3oDMTJvMjhlczhoBGFzc2V0A2FmcC8yMDEwMTExMC9pbmRvbmVzaWF2b2xjYW5vBHBvcwMyNQRzZWMDeW5fcGFnaW5hdGVfc3VtbWFyeV9saXN0BHNsawNpbmRvbmVzaWF2b2w-|title=Indonesia volcano eruption slows|date=10 November 2010|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=Yahoo news|access-date=10 November 2010}}{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> By this time, 153 people had been reported to have been killed and 320,000 were displaced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101109/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_volcano|title=Death toll from Indonesian volcano rises to 153|publisher=Yahoo News per Associated Press|agency=Associated Press|date=9 November 2010|access-date=9 November 2010|archive-date=12 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112220426/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101109/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_volcano|url-status=live}}</ref> Later the eruptive activities again increased requiring a continuation of the Level 4 alert and continued provision of exclusion zones around the volcano.<ref name="CVGHM PVMBG">{{cite web|url=http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94:laporan-aktivitas-g-merapi-tanggal-18-november-2010-pukul-0000-sampai-dengan-pukul-1200-wib&catid=49:merapi|title=Laporan aktivitas G. Merapi tanggal 18 November 2010 pukul 00:00 sampai dengan pukul 12:00 WIB-''Activity report Merapi on 18 November 2010 at 00:00 until 12:00&nbsp;pm''|date=18 November 2010|publisher=CVGHM (PVMBG)|access-date=19 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716132330/http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94%3Alaporan-aktivitas-g-merapi-tanggal-18-november-2010-pukul-0000-sampai-dengan-pukul-1200-wib&catid=49%3Amerapi|archive-date=16 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Jakarta Globe from Antara">{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/indonesias-merapi-back-to-its-belching-ways-spewing-rocks-in-new-direction/407120|title=Indonesia's Merapi Back to Its Belching Ways, Spewing Rocks in New Direction|work=Jakarta Globe|date=17 November 2010|access-date=18 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119105652/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/indonesias-merapi-back-to-its-belching-ways-spewing-rocks-in-new-direction/407120|archive-date=19 November 2010}}</ref> By 18 November the death toll had increased to 275.<ref name="thejakartapost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/11/18/death-toll-fromindonesia039s-volcano-climbs-275.html|title=Death toll from Indonesia's volcano climbs to 275|date=18 November 2010|publisher=Jakarta Post and Associated Press, Jakarta|access-date=19 November 2010|archive-date=2 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202120048/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/11/18/death-toll-fromindonesia039s-volcano-climbs-275.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The toll had risen to 324 by 24 November and Syamsul Maarif, head of the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) explained that the death toll had risen after a number of victims succumbed to severe burns and more bodies were found on the volcano's slopes.<ref name="thejakartaglobe">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/death-toll-in-merapi-eruptions-climbs-to-324/408410|title=Death Toll in Merapi Eruptions Climbs to 324|date=25 November 2010|work=Jakarta Globe|access-date=26 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127200930/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/death-toll-in-merapi-eruptions-climbs-to-324/408410|archive-date=27 November 2010}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the more intensive eruptive activities in late November, Yogyakarta's Disaster Management Agency reported that there were about 500 reported cases of eruption survivors in Sleman district suffering from minor to severe psychological problems, and about 300 cases in Magelang.<ref name="thejakartaglobe" /> By 3 December the death toll had risen to 353.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/indonesia-downgrades-danger-level-of-mount-merapi-1.582006|title=Indonesia downgrades danger level of Mount Merapi|date=12 March 2010|publisher=Jakarta Post and Associated Press, Jakarta|access-date=12 June 2010|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220035103/http://www.ctvnews.ca/indonesia-downgrades-danger-level-of-mount-merapi-1.582006|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 December, the head of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), Dr. Syamsul Maarif, M. Si, accompanied by the head of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation CVGHM (PVMBG), Dr. Surono made a joint press release at the BNPB Command Post in Yogyakarta. At 09.00&nbsp;am that day, the CVGHM (PVMBG) lowered the status of Mount Merapi to the level of Caution Alert (Level III). They clarified that with this alert level the potential of hot ash clouds and projected incandescent material remained. The Geological Agency provided several recommendations including that there would be no community activities in the disaster prone areas and proclaimed an ongoing exclusion zone of {{cvt|2.5|km}} radius.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=218|title=Status Merapi turun ke level3|date=12 March 2010|publisher=Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana|access-date=12 May 2010|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721122143/http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=218|url-status=dead}}</ref>