Editing Mu'tazilism (section)

===Historical development===
Abu al-Hudhayl al-'Allaf (died 235 AH/849 AD), who lived a few generations after Wāṣil ibn ʿAtāʾ (واصل بن عطاء) and [[Amr ibn Ubayd|ʿAmr ibn ʿUbayd]], is considered the theologian who systematized and formalized Mu'tazilism in Basra.{{sfn|Martin|1997|}} Another branch of the school found a home in [[Baghdad]] under the direction of [[Bishriyya|Bishr ibn al-Mu'tamir]] (died 210 AH/825 AD);{{sfn|Martin|1997|}} the instigators thought it was the Caliph's own scheme:{{sfn|Nawas|1994}}{{sfn|Nawas|1996}}{{sfn|Cooperson|2005}}{{sfn|Ess|2006}} under [[al-Ma'mun]] (813–833) "Mu'tazilism became the established faith."

[[Umayyad]] [[Caliphs]] who were known for supporting the Mu'tazila include [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]]<ref name="Schirrmacher-2020-82">{{cite book |last1=Schirrmacher |first1=Christine |editor1-last=Enstedt |editor1-first=Daniel |editor2-last=Larsson |editor2-first=Göran |editor3-last=Mantsinen |editor3-first=Teemu T. |title=Handbook of Leaving Religion |date=2020 |publisher=Brill |page=82 |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/43466/external_content.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=6 January 2021 |chapter=Leaving Islam |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108155642/https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/43466/external_content.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Yazid III]].

The Mu'tazilites maintained man's creation<ref>Adamson, Peter. "Al-Kindi and Mu'tazila: Divine Attributes, Creation and Freedom." ''Arabic Sciences and Philosophy'' 1 (2003): 45–77.</ref> of [[free will]], as did the [[Qadarites]] of the later Umayyad period. The Mu'tazilites also maintained that justice and reason must form the foundation of the action God takes toward men. Both of these doctrines were repudiated by the later orthodox school of the [[Ashʿari]]tes.<ref>William Thomson, "The Moslem World", in [[William L. Langer]] (1948), ed., ''An Encyclopedia of World History'', rev. edition, Boston:  Houghton Mifflin, p.189.</ref>