Editing Muhammad bin Tughluq (section)

== Expeditions ==
After the death of [[Genghis Khan]], one line of his descendants, the [[Chagatai Khanate]], ruled over [[Turkestan|Turkistan]] and [[Transoxiana]] and another branch of [[Hulagu Khan]] conquered present day [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]].{{refn|group=note|The term [[Khurasan]] refers to a historical area in Central Asia which included the mentioned regions.}} However, at the time of Tughlaq, both of the dynasties were on the downfall, with conditions in Transoxiana unstable after the death of [[Tarmashirin]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> He was ambitious of annexing these kingdoms. He invited nobles and leaders from these regions and gave them grants. At that time many Afghan rulers gained independence and posed a significant threat to the Tughluq empire.

Tughluq raised an army of possibly up to 370,000 soldiers in 1329. [[Ziauddin Barani|Barani]] has written that Tughluq took no step to check the ability of the soldiers or the brand of horses. They were paid in one year advance, and after being kept idle for one year, Tughluq found it difficult to pay them. Therefore, he decided to disperse and dissolve the soldiers in 1329.<ref name=":2" />

In 1333, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq led the Qarachil expedition to the [[Kumaon Kingdom|kumaon]] region of modern-day [[Uttrakhand]] in India. Historians like [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni|Badauni]] and [[Ferishta]] wrote that Tughluq originally wanted to cross the [[Himalayas]] and invade China. However, he faced local resistance in [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]]. Dharm Chand is [[Pahadi]] [[Rajput]] from [[kingdom of Kumaon]] ( ''including garhwal and some part of himachal'' ) defeated the army of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq which was not able to fight in the hills. Nearly all his 100,000 soldiers perished and were forced to retreat.<ref name=":2" />