Editing Navarre (section)

=== Province of Spain ===

[[File:Les carlistes, battus à Montejurra, transportent leurs blessés à l'hôpital d'Irache, de Vierge.jpg|thumb|Carlists in retreat to the Irache monastery during the [[Third Carlist War]]]]
[[Image:NafarForuak.JPG|thumb|Memorial to the [[Fueros of Navarre|Charters of Navarre]] erected by popular subscription in [[Pamplona]], after the Gamazada (1903)]]
[[File:ArturoCampión.jpg|thumb|Arturo Campión (1854 – 1937), a major Basque Navarrese activist, and MP in Madrid during the Gamazada]]
[[File:NafarParlamentua.JPG|thumb|Façade of the Parliament of Navarre in Pamplona]]

==== Loss of home rule ====

After the 1839 [[Convention of Vergara|Convention of Bergara]], [http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Ley_de_Confirmaci%C3%B3n_de_Fueros a reduced version of home rule (''fueros'')] was passed in 1839. However, the 1841 [https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Ley_de_Modificaci%C3%B3n_de_fueros_de_Navarra_de_16_de_agosto_de_1841 Act for the Modification of Fueros] (later called the "Compromise Act", ''Ley Paccionada'') definitely made the kingdom into a province after a compromise was reached by the Spanish government with officials of the Provincial Council of Navarre. The relocation of customs from the Ebro river to the Pyrenees in 1841 prompted the collapse of Navarre's customary cross-Pyrenean trade and the rise of smuggling.

Amid instability in Spain, Carlists took over in [[Southern Basque Country|Navarre and the rest of the Basque provinces]]. An actual Basque state was established during the [[Third Carlist War]] with [[Estella-Lizarra|Estella]] as its capital (1872 – 1876), but King [[Alfonso XII of Spain|Alfonso XII]]'s restoration in the throne of Spain and a counter-attack prompted the Carlist defeat. The end of the [[Third Carlist War]] saw [[End of Basque home rule in Spain|a renewed wave of Spanish centralisation]] directly affecting Navarre.

In 1893 – 1894 the ''[[Gamazada]]'' popular uprising took place centred in Pamplona against Madrid's governmental decisions breaching the 1841 chartered provisions. Except for a small faction (the so-called ''Alfonsinos''), all parties in Navarre agreed on the need for a new political framework based on home rule within the ''[[Laurak Bat]]'', the Basque districts in Spain. Among these, the [[Navarrese electoral Carlism (Restoration)|Carlists stood out]], who politically dominated the province, and resented an increased string of rulings and laws passed by Madrid, as well as left leaning influences. Unlike Biscay or Gipuzkoa, Navarre did not develop manufacturing during this period, remaining a basically rural economy.

==== Republic and military uprising ====

In 1932, a [[Southern Basque Country|Basque Country]]'s [http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Estatuto_General_del_Estado_Vasco_aprobado_en_la_Magna_Asamblea_de_Municipios_Vascos_celebrada_en_Estella_(Lizarra)_el_d%C3%ADa_14_de_Junio_de_1931 separate statute] failed to take off over disagreements on the centrality of Catholicism, a scene of political radicalisation ensued dividing the leftist and rightist forces during the [[2nd Spanish Republic]] (1931 – 1939). Thousands of landless labourers occupied properties of wealthy landowners in October 1933, leaving the latter eager for revenge.<ref>{{cite book | author=Paul Preston | title=The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. | publisher= HarperCollins | location= London, UK | isbn=978-0-00-638695-7 | year=2013 | page=182}}</ref> The most reactionary and clerical Carlists came to prominence, ideologues such as [[Víctor Pradera Larumbe|Víctor Pradera]], and an understanding with [[General Mola]] paved the way to the Spanish Nationalist uprising in Pamplona (18 July 1936).

The triumphant military revolt was followed by a terror campaign in the rearguard against blacklisted individuals considered to be progressive ("reds"), mildly republican, or just inconvenient.<ref>Preston, P. 2013, p. 179-181</ref> The purge especially affected southern Navarre along the Ebro banks, and counted on the active complicity of the clergy, who adopted the fascist salute and even involved in murderous tasks.<ref>Preston, P. 2013, p. 182-184</ref><ref>{{cite video |date=2014-04-15 |title=Charla con Lucio Urtubia [Talks with Lucio Urtubia]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clRQxMj1H80 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/clRQxMj1H80| archive-date=2021-11-02 | url-status=live|language=es |publisher=CGT/LKN Bizkaia|access-date=2015-05-01|time=07’02|quote=(First-hand witness [[Lucio Urtubia]]'s testimony in Spanish) For the first time ever that is being talked about now, I only bore witness to crimes and abuses in my land carried out by that Church that if it really wanted, all could have been prevented. In the Ribera of Navarre, there are about 4,000 dead by fire-squad, people who had done no harm, no evil to anyone, they were just workers, farmers, the hunger-stricken, so that is why, because they were Republicans, or just affiliated to the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] or [[Unión General de Trabajadores|UGT]] that they were executed by firearm. That was with the complicity of the Catholic Church, that is why I don't believe in that Church, that Church was horrific. That Church had the likes of don Pablo or don Vitoriano, who came down every morning, there were little kids who had just come from shooting in executions, with the former asking to them, "How many, how many today?", the kids going, "Three or four", in turn responding, "Small number, small number". I lived through all that.}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Victims of Civil War in Navarra|The killing]] took a death toll of at least 2,857, plus a further 305 dying in prisons (ill-treatment, malnutrition).<ref>Preston, P. 2013, p. 183</ref>

The dead were buried in mass graves or discarded into chasms abounding on the central hilly areas (Urbasa, etc.). Basque nationalists were also chased to a lesser extent, e.g. Fortunato Aguirre, a [[Basque Nationalist Party|Basque nationalist]] and mayor of Estella (and co-founder of [[Osasuna]] Football Club), was executed in September 1936. Humiliation and silence ensued for the survivors. Pamplona became the rebel launching point against the Republic during the [[War in the North]].

==== Post-war scene ====

As a reward for its support in the [[Spanish Civil War]] (Navarre sided for the most part with the military uprising), [[Francisco Franco|Franco]] allowed Navarre, as it happened with [[Álava]], to maintain during his dictatorship a number of prerogatives reminiscent of [[Fueros of Navarre|the ancient Navarrese liberties]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/97937/142976 |title=Navarra. Historia: Franquismo|author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |website=Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia|publisher= EuskoMedia Fundazioa|access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref> The bleak post-war years were shaken by shortage, famine, and smuggling, with the economy relying on agriculture (wheat, vineyards, olive, barley), and a negative migration balance. The victors came to cluster around two main factions, [[Carlism#Spanish Civil War and Franco regime (1936–1975)|Carlists]] and [[FET y de las JONS|Falangists]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/97937/142976 |title=Navarra. Historia: Franquismo|author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |website=Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia|publisher= EuskoMedia Fundazioa|access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref> while the totalitarian ultra-Catholic environment provided fertile grounds for another religious group, the [[Opus Dei]], to found their [[University of Navarra|University of Navarre]] (1952), ever more influential in Pamplona.

The coming of the society of consumption and incipient economic liberalisation saw also the establishment of factories and workshops during the early 1960s (automobile manufacturing and accessories, etc.), especially around the overgrown capital. It was followed by labour and political unrest.

==== Tension during the Spanish transition ====

Officials and figures with good connections to the Navarrese regional government went on to join [[Adolfo Suarez|Adolfo Suárez]]'s [[Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)|UCD]], later splitting into the party [[Unión del Pueblo Navarro|UPN]] led by [[Jesús Aizpún Tuero]] (1979), refusing to join a democratic constitutional process on the grounds that Navarre's charters (or ''fueros'') remained in place. They also refused to join the [[Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country|Basque process]] to become an autonomous community, where recently legalised Basque nationalist and leftist parties held a majority.

A continuation of the institutional framework inherited from the dictatorship and its accommodation into the Spanish democracy was guaranteed by the Betterment ("Amejoramiento"), a Navarre-only solution considered 'an upgrade' of its former status issued from the (remains of the) charters. In a three-year span, the [[Socialist Party of Navarre|Spanish Socialists in Navarre]] veered in their position, quit the Basque process, and joined the arrangement adopted for Navarre (Chartered Community of Navarre, 1982). The reform was not ratified by referendum, as demanded by Basque nationalist and minority leftist forces.