Editing Negative campaigning (section)

== Notable examples ==

===United States===
In [[United States politics]], negative campaigning has been called{{who|date=June 2019}} "as [[American way of life|American]] as Mississippi mud" and "as American as apple pie".<ref>{{Cite book|title = The modern presidential campaign: Mudslinging, bombast, and the vitality of American politics|last = Scher|first = R. K.|publisher = M. E. Sharpe|year = 1997|location = New York|pages = 27}}</ref> Some research suggests negative campaigning is the norm in all political venues, mitigated only by the dynamics of a particular contest.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/seminars/russian5.pdf|title=The Rational Attacker in Russia? Negative Campaigning in Russian Presidential Elections|doi=10.1111/1468-2508.00117|jstor=2691664|author1=Lee Sigelman|author2=Eric Shiraev|journal=The Journal of Politics|year=2002|volume=64|issue=1|pages=45–62|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7080|s2cid=154960655}}</ref> [[Lee Atwater]], best known for being an advisor to presidents [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George H. W. Bush]], also pioneered many negative campaign techniques seen in political campaigns today.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/20/opinion/20sat3.html | work=The New York Times | title=The Political Legacy of Baaad Boy Atwater | first=Eleanor | last=Randolph | date=September 20, 2008 | access-date=May 20, 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Daisy (1964).webm|thumb|250px|thumbtime=3|"Daisy" advertisement]]
* 1828: The [[Coffin Handbills]] used by supporters of [[John Quincy Adams]] against [[Andrew Jackson]] in the [[1828 United States presidential election|1828 presidential campaign]]. 
* 1934: Unethical campaign tactics were used against [[Upton Sinclair]] in the California gubernatorial election.<ref>Mitchell, Greg. [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/07/movies/mank-upton-sinclair.html ‘Mank’ and Politics: What Really Happened in 1934 California]. New York Times, December 7, 2020.</ref>
* 1936: The first radio advertising using negative campaigning came from the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in 1936.<ref>{{cite web | last=Edelstein | first=Rob | title=Timeline & Fun Facts | website=Broadcasting + Cable | date=2011-11-21 | url=https://www.nexttv.com/news/timeline-fun-facts-112619}}</ref>
* 1964: The [[Daisy ad]] used by [[Lyndon Johnson]] against [[Barry Goldwater]] in the [[1964 United States presidential election]]
* 2008: [[Hillary Clinton]]'s "3 a.m. phone call" ad questioning the [[crisis management]] abilities of her opponent, [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jfuinsurance.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202005533/http://www.jfuinsurance.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 2, 2007 |title=3 a.m. ad |access-date=March 13, 2008 }}</ref>
* 2008: [[Elizabeth Dole]]'s ad against Democratic challenger [[Kay Hagan]] in her [[United States Senate election in North Carolina, 2008|2008 Senate re-election campaign]], where Hagan was said to be "Godless", as an attack to the lack of religious piety of her opponent. The ad backfired, as it sharply reduced support for Dole.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pollster: 'Godless' Ad Hurt Dole |url=http://www.drudge.com/archive/114871/pollster-godless-ad-hurt-dole |publisher=The Drudge Report |access-date=3 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716191435/http://www.drudge.com/archive/114871/pollster-godless-ad-hurt-dole |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}</ref> Dole was defeated by Hagan in the election.
* 2012–present: [[List of nicknames used by Donald Trump|Nicknames used by Donald Trump]] before, during, and after his presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=16 people President Trump has nicknamed |url=https://www.tmj4.com/news/16-people-president-trump-has-nicknamed |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=TMJ4 News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Ledyard |title=Riots. Radicalism. Corruption. Trump and Biden supporters turn to apocalyptic themes in campaign ad wars. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/08/01/trump-biden-ad-wars-candidates-apocalyptic-messages/5443313002/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2014: [[Justin Amash]] was smeared as "[[Al-Qaeda]]'s best friend in Congress" by his primary opponent Brian Ellis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2014/08/justin-amash-al-qaeda-brian-ellis|title=GOP Rebel Justin Amash Just Beat a Guy Who Called Him "Al Qaeda's Best Friend"}}</ref>

===Elsewhere===
* Argentina: In the [[2023 Argentine general election]], the governing [[Unión por la Patria]] launched various [[fearmongering]] ads during one of the worst economic crisis of the history of the nation, in which they claimed economic crisis and human rights would worsen if they're not voted.
* New Zealand: In the [[1975 New Zealand general election]], the opposing [[New Zealand National Party|National Party]] launched the infamous [[Dancing Cossacks advertisement|"Dancing Cossacks" television advertisement]]. Animated by [[Hanna Barbera]], the attack advert claimed the incumbent [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]]'s recently introduced compulsory superannuation scheme could eventually lead to Soviet-style communism.
* Canada: In the [[1993 Canadian federal election]], the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]] launched attack ads that were widely seen to be mocking opposing candidate Jean Chrétien's facial deformity. See: [[1993 Chrétien attack ad]]
* United Kingdom: During the run up to the [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997 general election]], the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] ran a campaign that stated that the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] was dangerous and used posters of Labour leader [[Tony Blair]] with "demon eyes" on them titled "[[New Labour, New Danger]]" (in reference to the [[New Labour]] slogan).<ref>{{cite news| url=http://politics.guardian.co.uk/election2001/images/0,9350,449562,00.html | location=London | work=The Guardian | title= New Labour, New Danger – Demon eyes (Conservative, 1997) – Election 2001}}</ref> The campaign failed as Labour won a landslide victory, ending 18 years of Conservative government.
* Mexico: in the 2006 presidential election, [[Felipe Calderón]], president from 2006 to 2012, launched TV ads that stated his opponent, [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]], was "a danger to Mexico". To this day, López Obrador continues blaming the negative campaign for his defeat and saying that it was part of a conspiracy that the Mexican business [[elite]] planned against him.<ref>{{cite web | website=Gobierno Legítimo de México | title=Trayectoria Política - Andrés Manuel López Obrador | url=http://www.gobiernolegitimo.org.mx/trayectoria/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129234550/http://www.gobiernolegitimo.org.mx/trayectoria/ | archive-date=2007-11-29 | url-status=dead | language=es}}</ref>
* Canada: In the [[2008 Canadian federal election]], the [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party]] released an ad featuring Opposition Leader [[Stéphane Dion]] being [[defecated]] on by an animated [[puffin]]. Harper later apologized for the ad.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/harper-apologizes-for-tasteless-bird-excrement-attack-ad-on-dion-1.712632 |title=Harper apologizes for tasteless bird-excrement attack ad on Dion |access-date=2008-09-11 |url-status=dead |work=CBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917205240/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/harper-apologizes-for-tasteless-bird-excrement-attack-ad-on-dion-1.712632 |archive-date=September 17, 2008 }}</ref>
* In the Crewe and Nantwich By-election in 2008, The Labour Party ran a personal class-based campaign against the Conservative candidate Edward Timpson, calling him "the [[Tarporley]] Toff", "[[Lord Snooty]]", "[[Tory#Great Britain|Tory]] Boy Timpson".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creweandnantwichlabour.org.uk/dont_be_conned_by_tory_boy |title=Don't be conned by Tory Boy |publisher=Crewe and Nantwich Labour |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925122323/http://www.creweandnantwichlabour.org.uk/dont_be_conned_by_tory_boy |archive-date=2008-09-25 }}</ref> Labour supporters donned [[top hat]]s to mock Timpson, whose family own a national shoe repair and key-cutting business.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3972727.ece|title=Attempts to stir class war backfire for Labour in Crewe & Nantwich | work=The Times | first=Ben | last=MacIntyre | date=21 May 2008 | access-date=30 April 2010 | location=London}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The campaign was very poorly received and was condemned as negative and xenophobic by Conservative leader David Cameron.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7415362.stm | work=BBC News | title=Cameron hails 'end of New Labour' | date=May 23, 2008}}</ref>
* Serbia: In the [[2018 Belgrade City Assembly election]], the ruling party [[Serbian Progressive Party|SNS]] launched a negative campaign against two candidates, [[Aleksandar Šapić]] and [[Dragan Đilas]]. In a TV political ad they were portrayed as tycoons and criminals who are too busy protesting against [[Aleksandar Vučić]] and meeting other criminals than attending meetings. The advertisement caught the attention of [[:sr:Регулаторно тело за електронске медије|REM]], which resulted in a suspend of the advertisement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/2728/izbori-2018/3042256/rem-obustaviti-emitovanje-spota-liste-aleksandar-vucic--zato-sto-volimo-beograd.html|title=REM: Obustaviti emitovanje spota liste "Aleksandar Vučić – Zato što volimo Beograd"|last=Serbia|first=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of|access-date=2018-02-18|language=sr}}</ref>
* Philippines: then-vice presidential candidate [[Antonio Fuentes Trillanes IV]] aired a negative ad against then-presidential candidate [[Rodrigo Duterte]] in the tail end of the [[2016 Philippine general election]] highlighting his public obscenity.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnwrCPCc-gw  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/KnwrCPCc-gw |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Anti Duterte Ad by Trillanes |via=YouTube }}{{cbignore}}{{Password-protected}}</ref>
* Poland: Chairman of the Polish public broadcaster [[Telewizja Polska|TVP]], [[Jacek Kurski]] aired a negative claim against then-presidential candidate [[Donald Tusk]] during [[2005 Polish presidential election]] falsely claiming that his grandfather had briefly fought in Hitler's army.<ref>{{cite web | title=Polish Campaign Dredges Up the Past |date=2005-10-17 | website=DW.COM | url=https://www.dw.com/en/polish-campaign-dredges-up-the-past/a-1743707}}</ref>