Editing Neurosis (section)

=== DSM-I (1952–1968) ===
The first edition of the [[American Psychiatric Association]]'s ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (DSM-I) in 1952 included a category named "Psychoneurotic Disorders".<ref name="US Army_1952">{{Cite book |last=US Army |url=http://archive.org/details/dsm-1 |title=DSM-1 Full PDF |date=1952}}</ref>

Regarding the definition of this category, the Manual stated:<blockquote>Grouped as Psychoneurotic Disorders are those disturbances in which "anxiety" is a chief characteristic, directly felt and expressed, or automatically controlled by such defenses as depression, conversion, dissociation, displacement, phobia formation, or repetitive thoughts and acts.

For this nomenclature, a psychoneurotic reaction may be defined as one in which the personality, in its struggle for adjustment to internal and external stresses, utilizes the mechanisms listed above to handle the anxiety created. The qualifying phrase, x.2 with neurotic reaction, may be used to amplify the diagnosis when, in the presence of another psychiatric disturbance, a symptomatic clinical picture appears which might be diagnosed under Psychoneurotic Disorders in this nomenclature. A specific example may be seen in an episode of acute anxiety occurring in a homosexual.<ref name="US Army_1952" /></blockquote>Conditions in the category included:

* [[Anxiety disorder|Anxiety reaction]]
* [[Dissociative identity disorder|Dissociative reaction]]
* [[Conversion reaction]]
* [[Phobia|Phobic reaction]]
* [[Obsessive–compulsive disorder|Obsessive compulsive reaction]]
* [[Major depressive disorder|Depressive reaction]]
* Psychoneurotic reaction, other<ref name="US Army_1952" />

The DSM-I also included a category of "transient situational personality disorders". This included the diagnosis of "[[Post-traumatic stress disorder|gross stress reaction]]".<ref name="Posttraumatic stress disorder: a history and a critique">{{cite journal | vauthors = Andreasen NC | title = Posttraumatic stress disorder: a history and a critique | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 1208 | issue = Psychiatric and Neurologic Aspects of War | pages = 67–71 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20955327 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05699.x | bibcode = 2010NYASA1208...67A | s2cid = 42645212}}</ref> This was defined as a normal personality using established patterns of reaction to deal with overwhelming fear as a response to conditions of great stress.<ref name="DSM-I">{{cite book |last1=American Psychiatric Association |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual |date=1978 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Mental Hospital Service |isbn=978-0-89042-017-1 |page=326.3 |author1-link=American Psychiatric Association}}</ref> The diagnosis included language which relates the condition to combat as well as to "civilian catastrophe".<ref name="DSM-I" /> The other situational disorders were "[[Adjustment reaction|adult situational reaction]]" and a variety of time-of-life delineated "[[adjustment reaction]]s". These referred to short-term reactions to stressors.

[[Monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s (MAOIs) and [[tricyclic antidepressant]]s (TCAs) were developed for the treatment of neurosis and other conditions from the early 1950s. Because of their undesirable adverse-effect profile and high potential for [[toxicity]], their use was limited.<ref name="Laura">{{cite magazine | vauthors = Fitzpatrick L |date=2010-01-07 |title=A brief history of antidepressants |url=http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1952143,00.html |magazine=Time |access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="foye">{{cite book | vauthors = Lemke TL, Williams DA |title=Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry |date=2008 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |edition=6th |location=Philadelphia |pages=568–600}}</ref>

The use of modern [[exposure therapy]] for neuroses began in the 1950s in South Africa.<ref name="Abramowitz, J. S. 2010">{{cite book | vauthors = Abramowitz JS, Deacon BJ, Whiteside PH |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnoznH2c7esC |title=Exposure Therapy for Anxiety: Principles and Practice |publisher=Guilford Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60918-016-4}}</ref> South African-American [[Joseph Wolpe]] was one of the first psychiatrists to spark interest in treating psychiatric problems as behavioral issues.

In May 1950, pharmacologist [[Frank Berger]] (Czech-American) and chemist Bernard John Ludwig engineered [[meprobamate]] to be a non-drowsy tranquiliser.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ludwig BJ, Piech E |year=1951 |title=Some anticonvulsant agents derived from 1, 3-propanediol |journal=J Am Chem Soc |volume=73 |issue=12 |pages=5779–5781 |doi=10.1021/ja01156a086|bibcode=1951JAChS..73.5779L }}</ref> Launched as "Miltown" in 1955, it rapidly became the first blockbuster psychotropic drug in American history, becoming popular in Hollywood and gaining fame for its effects.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgkXBQAAQBAJ |title=The Age of Anxiety: A History of America's Turbulent Affair with Tranquilizers |vauthors=Tone A |publisher=Basic Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-465-08658-0 |location=New York |chapter=The Fashionable Pill}}</ref> It is highly addictive.

''[[The Meaning of Anxiety]]'' was a book released by American psychiatrist [[Rollo May]] in 1950.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = May R |url= http://content.apa.org/books/10760-000 |title=The meaning of anxiety. |date=1950 |publisher=Ronald Press Company |location=New York |language=en |doi=10.1037/10760-000}}</ref> It reviewed the existing research on the subject. It found that some anxiety was a simple reaction to related stimuli, while other anxiety had a more complicated and neurotic beginning. A revised edition of the book was published in 1977.

After the [[Korean War]] (1950-1953), [[Thomas William Salmon|Thomas W. Salmon]]'s battle neurosis treatment practices became summarised as the PIE principles:<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pols H, Oak S | title = War & military mental health: the US psychiatric response in the 20th century | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 97 | issue = 12 | pages = 2132–2142 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 17971561 | pmc = 2089086 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2006.090910}}</ref>

* Proximity&nbsp;– treat the casualties close to the front and within sound of the fighting.
* Immediacy&nbsp;– treat them without delay and not wait until the wounded were all dealt with.
* Expectancy&nbsp;– ensure that everyone had the expectation of their return to the front after a rest and replenishment.

The [[Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale]] was created by American psychologist [[Janet Taylor Spence|Janet Taylor]] in 1953. It measures anxiousness as a personality trait.

The [[International Association for Analytical Psychology|International Association of Analytical Psychology]] was founded in 1955. It is the predominant organisation devoted to the psychology of [[Carl Jung]].

The [[American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry|American Academy of Psychoanalysis]] was founded in 1956, for psychiatrists to discuss psychoanalysis in ways that deviated from the orthodoxy of the time.

Also in 1956, American psychologist [[Albert Ellis]] publicly read his first paper on his methodology "rational psychotherapy"''.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=Albert |url=https://albertellis.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Rational-Psychotherapy.pdf |title=Rational Psychotherapy |date=1956-08-31 |publisher=American Psychological Association }}</ref> (He took inspiration from, and used the same name as the methodology of [[Paul Charles Dubois]]. He claimed additional inspiration from Freud and [[Epictetus|Epicetus]]).<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1303440303}} |last1=Ellis |first1=Albert |title=Rational Psychotherapy and Individual Psychology |journal=Journal of Individual Psychology |volume=13 |issue=1 |date=May 1957 |pages=38–44 }}</ref> This and later works defined what is now known as [[rational emotive behavior therapy]] (REBT). Ellis believed that people's erroneous beliefs about their adversities was a major cause of neurosis, and his therapy aimed to dissolve these neuroses by correcting people's understandings. Ellis published the first REBT book, ''How to live with a neurotic,'' in 1957. 

<!-- More here. -->Albert Ellis and others founded "The Institute for Rational Living" in April 1959, which later became the Albert Ellis Institute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Mission and History |url=https://albertellis.org/our-mission-and-history/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Albert Ellis Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>

The concept of "[[Institutional syndrome|institutional neurosis]]" was coined by British psychiatrist Russell Barton,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hilton C |title=Dr Russell Barton, Belsen concentration camp and 1960s psychiatric hospitals in England: the controversy |journal=Contemporary British History |date=3 July 2018 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=307–335 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2018.1477597 |s2cid=149881128 }}</ref> and explained in his well-cited 1959 book ''Institutional Neurosis''.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Barton R |title=Institutional Neurosis |date=2013 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=978-1-4831-8341-1 }}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}{{primary source inline|date=July 2023}}</ref> Barton believed that many of the mental health symptoms had by people living in mental hospitals and similar institutions were caused by being in those environments, rather than other causes. Barton was a leader in the [[deinstitutionalisation]] movement. (This form of neurosis later came to be known as "[[institutional syndrome]]").

[[Benzodiazepine]]s are a class of highly addictive sedative drugs that reduce anxiety by depressing function in certain parts of the brain. The first of these drugs, [[chlordiazepoxide]] (Librium), was made available for sale in 1960. (It was discovered by Polish-American chemist [[Leo Sternbach]] in 1955.) Librium was followed with the more popular [[diazepam]] (Valium) in 1963.<ref name="isbn0-19-517668-5">{{cite book | vauthors = Shorter E |title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-517668-1 |pages=41–42 |chapter=Benzodiazepines}}</ref> These drugs soon displaced Miltown.<ref name="Conis">{{Cite web | vauthors = Conis E |date=2008-02-18 |title=Valium had many ancestors |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-feb-18-he-esoterica18-story.html |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Shorter E |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VaYF8pIPxgC |title=Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry |date=2008-10-28 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-970933-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Spanish history writer Jose M. Lopez Pinero published ''Origenes historicos del concepto de neurosis'' in 1963.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mora G, Lopez Pinero GM |title= Origenes historicos del concepto de neurosis; Valencia, Catedra e Instituto de Historia de la Medicina, 1963, p. 206 |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |date=July 1966 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=276–278 |doi=10.1002/1520-6696(196607)2:3<276::AID-JHBS2300020313>3.0.CO;2-Z }}</ref> It was published in English as ''Historical Origins of the Concept of Neurosis'' in 1983.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511753510 |title=Historical Origins of the Concept of Neurosis |year=1983 | vauthors = López Pinero JM  |isbn=978-0-521-24972-0 }}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref>

[[Neurotics Anonymous]] began in February 1964, as a [[twelve-step program]] to help the neurotic. It was founded in Washington, D.C. by American psychologist Grover Boydston,<ref name="BOYDSTON1974">{{cite thesis |degree=[[Master of Education|Ed.M]] | vauthors = Boydston G |title=A history and status report of Neurotics Anonymous, an organization offering self-help for the mentally and emotionally disturbed |year=1974 |publisher=[[Barry University]] |location=[[Miami, Florida]] |oclc=14126024}}</ref><ref name="SAGARINMENTAL1969">{{cite book | vauthors = Sagarin E |title=Odd man in; societies of deviants in America |publisher=Quadrangle Books |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-531-06344-6 |location=[[Chicago, Illinois]] |pages=210–232 |chapter=Chapter 9. Mental patients: are they their brothers' therapists? |oclc=34435 |author-link=Edward Sagarin}}</ref> and has since spread through the Americas.

Also in 1964, Polish psychiatrist [[Kazimierz Dąbrowski]] released his book ''Positive Disintegration''.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Dąbrowski K |url=http://archive.org/details/positivedisinteg00dabr |title=Positive disintegration |date=1964 |publisher=Boston, Little, Brown |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> The book argues that developing and resolving psychoneurosis is a necessary part of healthy personality development.

The year 1964 also saw the establishment of the [[American Psychological Association]]'s Division 25, a group of psychologists interested in behaviourism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behavior Analysis (Div. 25) |url=https://www.apadivisions.org/division-25 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=www.apadivisions.org}}</ref>

The popular textbook ''The causes and cures of neurosis; an introduction to modern behaviour therapy based on learning theory and the principles of conditioning'' was published in 1965 by Hans Eysenck and South African-British psychologist [[Stanley Rachman]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Eysenck HJ, Rachman S |title=The Causes and Cures of Neurosis: An Introduction to Modern Behaviour Therapy Based on Learning Theory and the Principles of Conditioning |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-84101-6 }}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref> It aimed to replace the Freudian approach to neurosis with [[behaviorism]].
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The "Hopkins Symptom Checklist" (HSCL) is a self-report symptom inventory that was developed in the mid-1960s from earlier checklists. It measures somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety and depression.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH, Covi L | title = The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): a self-report symptom inventory | journal = Behavioral Science | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–15 | date = January 1974 | pmid = 4808738 | doi = 10.1002/bs.3830190102}}</ref>

In 1966, psychologists began to observe large numbers of children of Holocaust survivors seeking mental help in clinics in Canada. The grandchildren of Holocaust survivors were overrepresented by 300% among the referrals to psychiatry clinics in comparison with their representation in the general population.<ref name="pmid14735877">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fossion P, Rejas MC, Servais L, Pelc I, Hirsch S | title = Family approach with grandchildren of Holocaust survivors | journal = American Journal of Psychotherapy | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 519–527 | date = 2003 | pmid = 14735877 | doi = 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.4.519 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Further study lead to the better understanding of [[transgenerational trauma]].

The noted book ''Psychological stress and the coping process'' was released by American psychologist [[Richard Lazarus]] in 1966.

The well-cited book ''Anxiety and Behaviour'' was also released in 1966. As with Eysenck and Rachman's book, it aimed to connect neuroses with behaviourism. It was edited by American psychologist [[Charles Spielberger]].

The [[Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies|Association for Advancement of Behavioral Therapies]] was founded in 1966. (In 2005, it became the [[Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies]].)