Editing Neurotechnology (section)

===Transcranial direct current stimulation===
{{Main|Transcranial direct current stimulation}}

Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) is a form of [[neurostimulation]] which uses constant, low current delivered via electrodes placed on the scalp. The mechanisms underlying TDCS effects are still incompletely understood, but recent advances in neurotechnology allowing for ''in vivo'' assessment of brain electric activity during TDCS<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Soekadar SR, Witkowski M, Cossio EG, Birbaumer N, Robinson SE, Cohen LG | title = In vivo assessment of human brain oscillations during application of transcranial electric currents | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 4 | pages = 2032 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23787780 | pmc = 4892116 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms3032 | bibcode = 2013NatCo...4.2032S }}</ref> promise to advance understanding of these mechanisms. Research into using TDCS on healthy adults have demonstrated that TDCS can increase cognitive performance on a variety of tasks, depending on the area of the brain being stimulated. TDCS has been used to enhance language and mathematical ability (though one form of TDCS was also found to inhibit math learning),<ref name=PMID_25970697>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grabner RH, Rütsche B, Ruff CC, Hauser TU | title = Transcranial direct current stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex modulates arithmetic learning | journal = The European Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 1667–74 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25970697 | doi = 10.1111/ejn.12947 | url = https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/113360/1/Grabner_EJN_2015.pdf | quote = Cathodal tDCS (compared with sham) decreased learning rates during training and resulted in poorer performance which lasted over 24 h after stimulation. Anodal tDCS showed an operation-specific improvement for subtraction learning. | s2cid = 37724278 }}</ref> attention span, problem solving, memory,<ref name=PMID_26457823>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gray SJ, Brookshire G, Casasanto D, Gallo DA | title = Electrically stimulating prefrontal cortex at retrieval improves recollection accuracy | journal = Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior | volume = 73 | pages = 188–94 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26457823 | doi = 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.09.003 | quote = We found that stimulation of dlPFC significantly increased recollection accuracy, relative to a no-stimulation sham condition and also relative to active stimulation of a comparison region in left parietal cortex. | s2cid = 19886903 }}</ref> coordination and relieve depression <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nitsche MA, Boggio PS, Fregni F, Pascual-Leone A | title = Treatment of depression with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): a review | journal = Exp Neurol | year = 2009 | volume = 219 | issue = 1 | pages = 14–19 | pmid = 19348793| doi = 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.038 | s2cid = 695276 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brunoni AR, Moffa AH, Fregni F, Palm U, Padberg F, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ, Bennabi D, Haffen E, Alonzo A, Loo CK | title = Transcranial direct current stimulation for acute major depressive episodes: meta-analysis of individual patient data | journal = Br J Psychiatry | year = 2016 | volume = 208 | issue = 6 | pages = 522–531 | pmid = 27056623 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.164715 | pmc = 4887722 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tecchio F, Bertoli M, Gianni E, L'Abbate T, Sbragia E, Stara S, Inglese M| title = Parietal dysfunctional connectivity in depression in multiple sclerosis | journal = Mult Scler | year = 2020 | volume = 27 | issue = 9 | pages = 1468–1469 | pmid = 33084529 | doi = 10.1177/1352458520964412 | s2cid = 224829189 }}</ref> and chronic fatigue.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gianni E, Bertoli M, Simonelli I, Paulon L, Tecchio F, Pasqualetti P | title = tDCS randomized controlled trials in no-structural diseases: a quantitative review | journal = Scientific Reports | year = 2021 | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | page = 16311 | pmid = 34381076| doi = 10.1038/s41598-021-95084-6 | pmc = 8357949 | bibcode = 2021NatSR..1116311G | hdl = 11573/1575485 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tecchio F, Cancelli A, Pizzichino A, L'Abbate T, Gianni E, Bertoli M, Paulon L, Zannino S, Giordani A, Lupoi D, Pasqualetti P, Mirabella M, Filippi MM| title = Home treatment against fatigue in multiple sclerosis by a personalized, bilateral whole-body somatosensory cortex stimulation | journal = Mult Scler Relat Disord | year = 2022 | volume = 63 | page = 103813 | pmid = 35597081 | doi = 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103813 | s2cid = 248967047 }}</ref>