Editing New Harmony, Indiana (section)

==== Science ====
Although Robert Owen's vision of New Harmony as an advance in social reform was not realized, the town became a scientific center of national significance, especially in the natural sciences, most notably geology.

[[William Maclure]] (1763–1840), president of the [[Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia]] from 1817 to 1840, came to New Harmony during the winter of 1825–1826.<ref name=Pitzer/> Maclure brought a group of noted artists, educators, and fellow scientists, including naturalists [[Thomas Say]] and [[Charles-Alexandre Lesueur]], to New Harmony from Philadelphia aboard the [[keelboat]] ''Philanthropist'' (also known as the "Boatload of Knowledge").<ref>Janet R. Walker, ''Wonder Workers on the Wabash'' (New Harmony, IN: Historic New Harmony, 1999), pp. 9–10.</ref>

[[Thomas Say]] (1787–1834), a friend of Maclure, was an entomologist and conchologist. His definitive studies of shells and insects, numerous contributions to scientific journals, and scientific expeditions to [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], the [[Rocky Mountains]], [[Mexico]], and elsewhere made him an internationally known naturalist.<ref>Walker, p. 11.</ref> Say has been called the father of American descriptive [[entomology]] and American [[conchology]].<ref name=Pitzer/> Prior to his arrival at New Harmony, he served as librarian for the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, curator at the [[American Philosophical Society]], and professor of natural history at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref name=Pitzer/> Say died in New Harmony in 1834.<ref name="Wilson, p. 184">Wilson, p. 184.</ref>

[[Charles-Alexandre Lesueur]] (1778–1846), a naturalist and artist, came to New Harmony aboard the ''Philanthropist''. His sketches of New Harmony provide a visual record of the town during the Owenite period. As a naturalist, Lesueur is known for his classification of Great Lakes fishes. He returned to his native France in 1837.<ref>Walker, pp. 15–16.</ref><ref>Wilson, p. 146.</ref> Many species were first described by both Say and Lesueur, and many have been named in their honor.

[[File:LesueurChurch.jpg|thumb|The Church of the Harmonists sketch by [[Charles Alexandre Lesueur]], from the collection of the [[Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia]], one of many sketches preserved in the Lesueur Collection at the Academy]]

[[David Dale Owen]] (1807–1860), third son of Robert Owen, finished his formal education as a medical doctor in 1837. However, after returning to New Harmony, David Dale Owen was influenced by the work of Maclure and [[Gerard Troost]], a Dutch geologist, mineralogist, zoologist, and chemist who arrived in New Harmony in 1825 and later became the state geologist of Tennessee from 1831 to 1850.<ref name=Pitzer/> Owen went on to become a noted geologist. Headquartered at New Harmony, Owen conducted the first official geological survey of Indiana (1837&ndash;39). After his appointment as U.S. Geologist in 1839,<ref>Wilson, p. 199.</ref> Owen led federal surveys from 1839 to 1840 and from 1847 to 1851 of the [[Midwestern United States]], which included [[Iowa]], [[Missouri]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Minnesota]], and part of northern [[Illinois]].<ref>{{cite book | author= Walter B. Hendrickson | title =David Dale Owen, Pioneer Geologist of the Middle West | publisher =Indiana Historical Bureau | series =Indiana Historical Collection | volume =XXVII | year =1943 | location =Indianapolis | pages =41–43, 48–50, 58, 84–86 | oclc=767609}}</ref> In 1846 Owen sampled a number of possible building stones for the [[Smithsonian Institution Building]] (the Smithsonian "Castle") and recommended the distinctive [[Seneca Creek (Potomac River)|Seneca Creek]] sandstone of which that building is constructed.<ref name=KimberlingSandstone>{{cite web |author=Clark Kimberling |title=Special Sandstone of the Smithsonian "Castle" |publisher=University of Evansville|url=http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/sandstone.html |access-date=November 10, 2017}}</ref> The following year, Owen identified a quarry at Bull Run, twenty-three miles from nation's capital, that provided the stone for the massive building.<ref name=KimberlingSandstone/> Owen became the first state geologist of three states: Kentucky (1854–1857), Arkansas (1857–1859), and Indiana (1837–1839 and 1859–1860).<ref name=Pitzer/><ref>Wilson, p. 199&ndash;200. See also: Hendrickson, ''David Dale Owen'', pp. 116, 128.</ref> Owen's museum and laboratory in New Harmony was known as the largest west of the Allegheny Mountains.<ref>Clark Kimberling, et al.[http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/smithson.html "Smithsonian Institution: World's Largest Museum Complex"], University of Evansville. Retrieved June 19, 2012.</ref> At the time of Owen's death in 1860, his museum included some 85,000 items.<ref name=Kimber15>Clark Kimberling, [http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/imh/view.do?docId=VAA4025-092-1-a01 "David Dale Owen and Joseph Granville Norwood: Pioneer Geologists in Indiana and Illinois"], ''Indiana Magazine of History'' 92, no. 1 (March 1996): 15. Retrieved June 19, 2012.</ref> Among Owen's most significant publications is his ''Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota and Incidentally of a Portion of Nebraska Territory'' (Philadelphia, 1852).<ref>Hendrickson, p. ''David Dale Owen'', 148. See also: {{cite book|author=Davie D. Owen|title=Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota; and Incidentally of a Portion of Nebraska Territory, Made under Instructions from the United States Treasury Department |url=https://archive.org/details/reportageologic00owengoog|date=1852 |publisher=Lippincott, Grambo |location=Philadelphia}}</ref>

Several men trained Owen's leadership and influence: [[Benjamin Franklin Shumard]], for whom the Shumard oak is named, was appointed state geologist of Texas by Governor Hardin R. Runnels;<ref>Seymour V. Connor, [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsh33 "Benjamin Franklin Shumard"], Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved October 27, 2017.</ref> [[Amos Henry Worthen]] was the second state geologist of Illinois and the first curator of the Illinois State Museum;<ref>R. Bruce McMillan, [http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/museummobile/pdfs/thefirstcentury.pdf "The First Century"], ''The Living Museum'' 64, nos. 2 and 3 (summer and fall 2002):4&ndash;13. Retrieved June 19, 2012.</ref> and [[Fielding Bradford Meek]] became the first full-time paleontologist in lieu of salary at the [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref>Smithsonian Institution Archives, [http://siarchives.si.edu/findingaids/FARU7062.htm "Fielding B. Meek Papers, 1843–1877 and undated" collection guide]. Retrieved June 20, 2012.</ref> [[Joseph Granville Norwood]], one of David Dale Owen's colleagues and coauthors, also a medical doctor, became the first state geologist of Illinois (1851–1858).<ref name=Kimber15/><ref>Clark Kimberling, et al.  [http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/norwood.html "Joseph Granville Norwood"], University of Evansville. Retrieved June 19, 2012.</ref> From 1851 to 1854, the Illinois State Geological Survey was headquartered in New Harmony.

[[Richard Owen (geologist)|Richard Owen]] (1810–1890), Robert Owen's youngest son, came to New Harmony in 1828 and initially taught school there.<ref name=IHScoll>[[Indiana Historical Society]], [http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/collection-guides/new-harmony-collection-1814-1884.pdf "New Harmony Collection, 1814–1884" collection guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729053341/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/collection-guides/new-harmony-collection-1814-1884.pdf |date=July 29, 2016 }}. Retrieved July 25, 2012.</ref> He assisted his brother, David Dale Owen, with geological survey and became Indiana's second state geologist. During the American Civil War, Colonel Richard Owen was commandant in charge of Confederate prisoners at Camp Morton in Indianapolis.<ref name=Wilson200>Wilson, p. 200.</ref> Following his retirement from the U.S. Army in 1864, Owen became a professor of natural sciences at [[Indiana University]] in Bloomington, where an academic building is named in his honor. In 1872 Owen became the first president of [[Purdue University]], but resigned from this position in 1874. He continued teaching at IU until his retirement in 1879.<ref name=Wilson200/><ref>[http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/richowen.html "Richard Owen"], University of Evansville. Retrieved June 18, 2012.</ref>