Editing New Testament apocrypha (section)

==Gospels==
{{Main article|Gospel|List of gospels}}

===Infancy gospels===
{{Main article|Infancy gospels}} Information about the childhood of Jesus was supplied by a number of 2nd-century and later texts, known as infancy gospels, none of which were accepted into the [[biblical canon]]. Despite this, some scholars have noted that the very number of surviving infancy manuscripts attests to their continued popularity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=William R. |title=The Catholic Church: A History |date=2009 |publisher=The Teaching Company |location=Chantilly, VA |isbn=9781598035964 |pages=Lecture 3}} </ref>

Most of these manuscripts were based on the earliest infancy gospels, namely the [[Infancy Gospel of James]] (also called the "Protoevangelium of James") and the [[Infancy Gospel of Thomas]], and on their later combination into the [[Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew]] (also called the "Infancy Gospel of Matthew" or "Birth of Mary and Infancy of the Saviour").{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}

The other significant early infancy gospels are the [[Syriac Infancy Gospel|Arabic Infancy Gospel]], the Georgian Infancy Gospel, the Ethiopian Infancy Gospel / History of Jesus and Mary, the [[Libellus de Nativitate Sanctae Mariae]], the [[Armenian Infancy Gospel]], the Slavonic Infancy Gospel, the Infancy Gospel of the Savior, the Coptic Infancy Gospel, the [[History of Joseph the Carpenter]], the Transitus Mariae / Gospel of the Dormition, and the [[Life of John the Baptist]].

===Jewish-Christian gospels===
{{Main article|Jewish–Christian gospels}}

The Jewish–Christian Gospels were [[gospels]] of a [[Jewish Christian]] character quoted by [[Clement of Alexandria]], [[Origen]], [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]], [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]], [[Jerome]] and probably [[Didymus the Blind]].{{sfn|Elliott|2005|p=3}} Most modern scholars have concluded that there existed one gospel in Aramaic/Hebrew and at least two in Greek, although a minority argue that there were only two: one Aramaic/Hebrew and one Greek.{{sfn|Ehrman|Pleše|2011|p=199}}

None of these gospels survive today, but attempts have been made to reconstruct them from references in the [[Church Fathers]]. The reconstructed texts of the gospels are usually categorized under New Testament Apocrypha. The standard edition of [[Schneemelcher]] describes the texts of three Jewish–Christian gospels as follows:{{sfn|Vielhauer|Strecker|1991|pp=134–78}}
#The [[Gospel of the Ebionites]] ("GE") – 7 quotations by Epiphanius.
#The [[Gospel of the Hebrews]] ("GH") – 1 quotation ascribed to Cyril of Jerusalem, plus GH 2–7 quotations by Clement, Origen, and Jerome.
#The [[Gospel of the Nazarenes]] ("GN") – GN 1 to GN 23 are mainly from Jerome; GN 24 to GN 36 are from medieval sources.

Some scholars consider that the two last named are in fact the same source.<ref>Craig A. Evans</ref>{{full citation needed|date=May 2025}}

===Non-canonical gospels===
{{Main|Gospel#Non-canonical gospels}}
* [[Gospel of Marcion]] (mid-2nd century)
* [[Gospel of Mani]] (3rd century)
* Gospel of [[Apelles (gnostic)|Apelles]] (mid{{ndash}}late 2nd century, similar to Marcion<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Primitive Gospel |author=Dillon, E J |journal=The Contemporary Review |location=London |volume=63 |date=June 1893 |pages=857–870 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/0717538cef4eff5b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=729}}</ref>)<ref>{{cite book |title=New Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 1: Gospels and Related Writings |year=1990 |editor1=Wilhelm Schneemelcher |editor2=R. Mcl. Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDW0PeFSvGEC&dq=%22gospel+of+Apelles%22&pg=PA399 |page=399 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=978-0664227210 }} Section G4.</ref>
* Gospel of [[Bardesanes]] (late 2nd{{ndash}}early 3rd century)<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Robert McLachlan Wilson |editor2=Wilhelm Schneemelcher |year=2003 |title=New Testament Apocrypha, Volume 1, Revised Edition |publisher=Presbyterian Publishing Corporation |page=400 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDW0PeFSvGEC |isbn=9780664227210}}</ref>
* [[Gospel of Basilides]] (mid-2nd century)
* [[Gospel of Thomas]] (2nd century; sayings gospel)
* Gospel of Gamaliel
* [[Gospel of Barnabas]]

===Passion Gospels===
{{Main article|Passion Gospels}}
A number of gospels are concerned specifically with the "[[Passion of Jesus|Passion]]" (from the Latin verb ''patior, passus sum''; "to suffer, bear, endure", from which also "patience, patient", etc.)<ref>Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928, p.396</ref>) of Jesus:
* [[Gospel of Peter]]
* [[Gospel of Nicodemus]] (also called the "[[Acts of Pilate]]")
* Pseudo-[[Cyril of Jerusalem]], ''[[On the Life and the Passion of Christ]]''
* [[Gospel of Bartholomew]]
* ''[[Questions of Bartholomew]]''
* ''[[Book of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, by Bartholomew the Apostle]]''

Although three texts take Bartholomew's name, it may be that either the ''Questions of Bartholomew'' or the ''Resurrection of Jesus Christ'' is in fact the unknown ''Gospel of Bartholomew''.

===Harmonized gospels===
A number of texts aim to provide a single harmonization of the canonical gospels, that eliminates discordances among them by presenting a unified text derived from them to some degree. The most widely read of these was the ''[[Diatessaron]]''.