Editing Nuremberg (section)

===Nazi era===
Nuremberg held great significance during the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] era. Because of the city's relevance to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and its position in the centre of Germany, the [[Nazi Party]] chose the city to be the site of huge Nazi Party conventions: the [[Nuremberg Rally|Nuremberg rallies]]. The rallies were held in 1927, 1929 and annually from 1933 through 1938. A number of buildings and large gathering areas known collectively as the [[Nazi Party Rally Grounds]], some of which were not finished, were designed by [[Albert Speer]] and were constructed solely for these assemblies. After [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power]] in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge [[Nazi propaganda]] events, a centre of Nazi ideals. The 1934 rally was filmed by [[Leni Riefenstahl]], and made into a propaganda film called ''Triumph des Willens'' (''[[Triumph of the Will]]''). At the 1935 rally, Hitler specifically ordered the ''[[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]]'' to convene at Nuremberg to pass the [[Nuremberg Laws]] which revoked German [[citizenship]] for all Jews and other non-Aryans. 

The Nazi ''[[Burgomaster|Oberbürgermeister]]'' of the city, [[Willy Liebel]], embarked upon a program of urban architectural renewal that he felt befitted one of the centers of Nazi pageantry. The aim was to restore the city center to the medieval look of centuries past by eliminating late nineteenth-century styling. Among the buildings he slated for demolition was the [[Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg]]. He felt that this "foreign" building with its [[Moorish revival]] architecture could not be reconciled with the image that he strove to create, and he succeeded in having the building completely demolished around the time of the Party rally in September 1938.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hagen |first1=Joshua |last2=Ostergren |first2=Robert |title=Spectacle, architecture and place at the Nuremberg Party Rallies: projecting a Nazi vision of past, present and future |journal=Cultural Geographies |date=April 2006 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=169–170 |doi=10.1191/1474474006eu355oa |bibcode=2006CuGeo..13..157H |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00572185/file/PEER_stage2_10.1191%252F1474474006eu355oa.pdf |access-date=30 September 2024 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504143957/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00572185/file/PEER_stage2_10.1191%2F1474474006eu355oa.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Many examples of [[Nazi architecture]] can still be seen in the city.

The city was also the headquarters of the Nazi [[propaganda|propagandist]] [[Julius Streicher]], the Nazi Party ''[[Gauleiter]]'' of [[Franconia]], a vicious [[antisemite]] and the publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]''. During the anti-Jewish [[pogrom]] known as ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' on 10 November 1938, the two remaining synagogues and numerous Jewish-owned shops were burned to the ground. Of the 91 Jews in Germany who met their deaths as a result of ''Kristallnacht'', 26 (including ten suicides) were in Nuremberg. Between 2,000 and 3,000 of Nuremberg's Jews fled from Germany. By 1941, only about 1,800 remained, over 1,600 of whom were rounded-up and transported to various [[extermination camps]] where they were killed.<ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/nuremberg#google_vignette Nuremberg, Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408230340/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/nuremberg#google_vignette |date=8 April 2024 }} in the [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ Jewish Virtual Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195128/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ |date=21 February 2011 }}</ref> At the end of the war in 1945, there were no Jews left in Nuremberg. There are many [[Stolperstein]]e installed in the streets of the city;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stolpersteine-nuernberg.de/en |publisher=Geschichte Für Alle e.V.- Institut für Regionalgeschichte |title=Stumbling Stones in Nuremberg |date=2021 |access-date=2023-04-04 |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402083938/https://www.stolpersteine-nuernberg.de/en/ |url-status=live}}</ref> these commemorate Jews who were persecuted by the Nazi regime.

During the [[Second World War]], Nuremberg was the headquarters of ''[[Wehrkreis]]'' (military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including aircraft, submarines, and tank engines. A subcamp of [[Flossenbürg concentration camp]] was located here, and extensively used [[slavery|slave labour]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Keeffe |first=Christine O |url=http://www.tartanplace.com/tartanhistory/concentrationcamps.html |title=Concentration Camps List |publisher=Tartanplace.com |access-date=12 January 2015 |archive-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919072014/http://www.tartanplace.com/tartanhistory/concentrationcamps.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| total_width       = 300
| image1            = 1945.02.12. Plan der Zerstörungen Nürnbergs.jpg
| caption1          = Map of city centre with air raid destruction
| image2            = Nuremberg in Ruins 1945 HD-SN-99-02986.JPEG
| caption2          = Bombed-out Nuremberg, 1945
}}

On [[Bombing of Nuremberg in World War II|2 January 1945, the medieval city centre was systematically bombed]] by the [[Royal Air Force]] and the [[United States Army Air Forces|U.S. Army Air Forces]] and about ninety percent of it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1,800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 displaced. In February 1945, additional attacks followed. In total, about 6,000 Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air raids.

Nuremberg was a heavily fortified city that was captured in [[Battle of Nuremberg (1945)|a fierce battle]] lasting from 17 to 20 April 1945 by the U.S. [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Infantry Division]], [[42nd Infantry Division (United States)|42nd Infantry Division]] and [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|45th Infantry Division]], which fought house-to-house and street-by-street against determined German resistance, causing further urban devastation to the already bombed and shelled buildings.<ref>Stanton, Shelby, ''World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946'', Stackpole Books (Revised Edition 2006), p. 90, 129, 135</ref> Despite this intense degree of destruction, the city was rebuilt after the war and was to some extent restored to its pre-war appearance, including the reconstruction of many of its medieval buildings.<ref>Neil Gregor, Haunted City. Nuremberg and the Nazi Past (New Haven, 2008)</ref> Much of this reconstructive work and conservation was done by the organisation '[[Old Town Friends Nuremberg]]'. Today 25% of Nürnberg's buildings date to before World War II<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 |title=Zensus 2011: Gebäude- und Wohnungsbestand in Deutschland |language=de |publisher=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder |date=2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329165923/https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 |archive-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> and the old town is a declared protected area,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.geodaten.bayern.de/denkmal_static_data/externe_denkmalliste/pdf/denkmalliste_merge_564000.pdf |title=Regierungsbezirk Mittelfranken |language=de |publisher=Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624001955/https://www.geodaten.bayern.de/denkmal_static_data/externe_denkmalliste/pdf/denkmalliste_merge_564000.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2024 |access-date=31 January 2025}}</ref> so the northeastern half of the old [[Imperial Free City]] had to be largely reconstructed.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://geoportal.bayern.de/denkmalatlas/searchResult.html?koid=80428&objtyp=bau&top=1 | title=DenkmalAtlas 2.0 }}</ref>