Editing Open back unrounded vowel (section)

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation
|last=Árnason
|first=Kristján
|title=The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese
|year=2011
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-922931-4
}}
* {{citation
 |last     = Arvaniti
 |first    = Amalia
 |year     = 2007
 |title    = Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art
 |pages    = 97–208
 |journal   = Journal of Greek Linguistics
 |volume    = 8
 |url     = http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf
 |doi     = 10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
 |url-status  = dead
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf
 |archive-date = 2013-12-11
 |citeseerx  = 10.1.1.692.1365
}}
* {{citation
|last=Ashby
|first=Patricia
|title=Understanding Phonetics
|year=2011
|publisher=Routledge
|series=Understanding Language series
|isbn=978-0340928271
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Asu
|first1=Eva Liina
|last2=Teras
|first2=Pire
|year=2009
|title=Estonian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=39
|issue=3
|pages=367–372
|doi=10.1017/s002510030999017x
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Collins
|first1=Beverley
|last2=Mees
|first2=Inger M.
|editor-last1=Coupland
|editor-first1=Nikolas
|editor-last2=Thomas
|editor-first2=Alan Richard
|year=1990
|title=English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change
|chapter=The Phonetics of Cardiff English
|publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd.
|pages=87–103
|isbn=978-1-85359-032-0
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Collins
|first1=Beverley
|last2=Mees
|first2=Inger M.
|year=2003
|orig-year=First published 1981
|title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch
|edition=5th
|place=Leiden
|publisher=Brill Publishers
|isbn=978-9004103405
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Collins
|first1=Beverley
|last2=Mees
|first2=Inger M.
|year=2013
|orig-year=First published 2003
|title=Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students
|edition=3rd
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-50650-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faVJTQIw9eQC
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Danyenko
|first1=Andrii
|last2=Vakulenko
|first2=Serhii
|year=1995
|title=Ukrainian
|publisher=Lincom Europa
|isbn=9783929075083
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ
}}
* {{citation
|last=de Haan
|first=Germen J.
|editor-last1=Hoekstra
|editor-first1=Jarich
|editor-last2=Visser
|editor-first2=Willem
|editor-last3=Jensma
|editor-first3=Goffe
|year=2010
|title=Studies in West Frisian Grammar: Selected Papers by Germen J. de Haan
|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company
|place=Amsterdam
|isbn=978-90-272-5544-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wW_D3RxTQDkC
}}
* {{citation
|author1=Dudenredaktion
|last2=Kleiner
|first2=Stefan
|last3=Knöbl
|first3=Ralf
|year=2015
|orig-year=First published 1962
|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ
|language=de
|edition=7th
|location=Berlin
|publisher=Dudenverlag
|isbn=978-3-411-04067-4
}}
* {{citation
|last=Dum-Tragut
|first=Jasmine
|year=2009
|title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian
|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company
|place=Amsterdam
}}
* {{citation
|last=Engstrand
|first=Olle
|year=1999
|chapter=Swedish
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-63751-0
|pages=140–142
}}
* {{citation
|last=Fortescue
|first=Michael
|editor-last=Collins
|editor-first=Dirmid R. F.
|year=1990
|chapter=Basic Structures and Processes in West Greenlandic
|title=Arctic Languages: An Awakening
|publisher=UNESCO
|place=Paris
|pages=309–332
|isbn=978-92-3-102661-4
|chapter-url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162e.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Fougeron
|first1=Cecile
|last2=Smith
|first2=Caroline L
|year=1993
|title=French
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=23
|issue=2
|pages=73–76
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004874
|s2cid=249404451
}}
* {{citation
|last=Freixeiro Mato
|first=Xosé Ramón
|year=2006
|title=Gramática da lingua galega (I). Fonética e fonoloxía
|place=Vigo
|publisher=A Nosa Terra
|isbn=978-84-8341-060-8
|language=gl
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Gilles
|first1=Peter
|last2=Trouvain
|first2=Jürgen
|year=2013
|title=Luxembourgish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=1
|pages=67–74
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000278
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Göksel
|first1=Asli
|last2=Kerslake
|first2=Celia
|year=2005
|title=Turkish: a comprehensive grammar
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0415114943
}}
* {{citation
|last=Gussenhoven
|first=Carlos
|year=1992
|title=Dutch
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=22
|issue=2
|pages=45–47
|doi=10.1017/S002510030000459X
|s2cid=243772965
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Gussenhoven
|first1=Carlos
|last2=Aarts
|first2=Flor
|year=1999
|title=The dialect of Maastricht
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=29
|issue=2
|pages=155–166
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006526
|s2cid=145782045
|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Heijmans
|first1=Linda
|last2=Gussenhoven
|first2=Carlos
|year=1998
|title=The Dutch dialect of Weert
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=28
|issue=1–2
|pages=107–112
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006307
|s2cid=145635698
|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/weert.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Jolkesky
|first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery
|year=2009
|title=Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble
|journal=Anais do SETA
|language=pt
|volume=3
|pages=675–685
|place=Campinas
|publisher=Editora do IEL-UNICAMP
|url=http://www.iel.unicamp.br/revista/index.php/seta/article/view/557/474
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Jones
|first1=Daniel
|last2=Ward
|first2=Dennis
|year=1969
|title=The Phonetics of Russian 
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
}}
* {{citation
|last=Kráľ
|first=Ábel
|title=Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti
|language=sk
|year=1988
|publisher=Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
|location=Bratislava
}}
* {{citation
|last=Kristoffersen
|first=Gjert
|author-link=Gjert Kristoffersen
|year=2000
|title=The Phonology of Norwegian
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-823765-5
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Kvifte
|first1=Bjørn
|last2=Gude-Husken
|first2=Verena
|year=2005
|orig-year=First published 1997
|title=Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache
|language=de
|edition=3rd
|publisher=Gottfried Egert Verlag
|isbn=978-3-926972-54-5
}}

* {{citation
|last=Lass
|first=Roger
|chapter=South African English
|editor-last=Mesthrie
|editor-first=Rajend
|year=2002
|title=Language in South Africa
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=9780521791052
}}
* {{citation
|last=Lodge
|first=Ken
|year=2009
|title=A Critical Introduction to Phonetics
|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group
|isbn=978-0-8264-8873-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC
}}
* {{citation
|last=Maddieson
|first=Ian
|year=1984
|title=Patterns of Sounds
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-26536-2
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Mannell
|first1=R.
|last2=Cox
|first2=F.
|last3=Harrington
|first3=J.
|year=2009
|title=An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
|publisher=Macquarie University
|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/vowelgraphs/USE_Monophthongs.html
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Mokari
|first1=Payam Ghaffarvand
|last2=Werner
|first2=Stefan
|year=2016
|title=An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels
|editor-last=Dziubalska-Kolaczyk
|editor-first=Katarzyna
|journal=Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
|volume=52
|issue=3
|doi=10.1515/psicl-2016-0019
|s2cid=151826061
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Moosmüller
|first1=Sylvia
|last2=Schmid
|first2=Carolin
|last3=Brandstätter
|first3=Julia
|year=2015
|title=Standard Austrian German
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=45
|issue=3
|pages=339–348
|doi=10.1017/S0025100315000055
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{cite thesis|last=Mou|first=Xiaomin|date=2006|title=Nasal codas in Standard Chinese: a study in the framework of the distinctive feature theory|type=PhD|place=Massachusetts|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|hdl=1721.1/35283}}
* {{citation
|last=Oftedal
|first=Magne
|year=1956
|title=The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis
|publisher=Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
|url=https://www.alastairmcintosh.com/general/resources/1956-Magne-Oftedal-Leurbost-Gaelic.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Peters
|first=Jörg
|year=2006
|title=The dialect of Hasselt
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/CC3128C98C906168AC7A7C5888225895/S0025100306002428a.pdf/dialect_of_hasselt.pdf
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=36
|issue=1
|pages=117–124
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002428
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{cite thesis|last=Prehn|first=Maike|year=2012|title=Vowel quantity and the fortis-lenis distinction in North Low Saxon|type=PhD|place=Amsterdam|publisher=LOT|isbn=978-94-6093-077-5|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1168313/101796_thesis_klein.pdf}}
* {{citation
|last=Rafel
|first=Joaquim
|title=Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional
|year=1999
|place=Barcelona
|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans
|edition=3rd
|url=http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000042%5C00000071.pdf
|isbn=978-84-7283-446-0
}}
* {{citation
|last=Recasens
|first=Daniel
|year=1996
|title=Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX
|edition=2nd
|place=Barcelona
|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans
|isbn=978-84-7283-312-8
}}
* {{citation
|last=Regueira
|first=Xosé Luís
|year=1996
|title=Galician
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=26
|issue=2
|pages=119–122
|doi=10.1017/s0025100300006162
|s2cid=249403834
}}
* {{citation
|last=Roach
|first=Peter
|year=2004
|title=British English: Received Pronunciation
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D4AFF0A7118E7081ACF7C7586FF87590/S0025100304001768a.pdf/british_english_received_pronunciation.pdf
|volume=34
|issue=2
|pages=239–245
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001768
|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Saborit
|first=Josep
|year=2009
|title=Millorem la pronúncia
|language=ca
|publisher = Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Shalev
|first1=Michael
|last2=Ladefoged
|first2=Peter
|author2-link=Peter Ladefoged
|last3=Bhaskararao
|first3=Peri
|year=1993
|chapter=Phonetics of Toda
|editor-last=Maddieson
|editor-first=Ian
|editor-link=Ian Maddieson
|title=Fieldwork studies of targeted languages
|chapter-url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8k45g432
|volume=84
|location=Los Angeles
|publisher=The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group
|pages=89–125
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Shosted
|first1=Ryan K.
|last2=Chikovani
|first2=Vakhtang
|year=2006
|title=Standard Georgian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=36
|issue=2
|pages=255–264
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002659
|doi-access=free
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF/S0025100306002659a.pdf/standard_georgian.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Suomi
|first1=Kari
|author-link1=Kari Suomi
|last2=Toivanen
|first2=Juhani
|last3=Ylitalo
|first3=Riikka
|year=2008
|title=Finnish sound structure – Phonetics, phonology, phonotactics and prosody
|series=Studia Humaniora Ouluensia 9
|publisher=Oulu University Press
|isbn=978-951-42-8984-2
|url=http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/isbn9789514289842.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Szende
|first=Tamás
|year=1994
|title=Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=24
|issue=2
|pages=91–94
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300005090
|s2cid=242632087
}}
* {{citation
|last=Teo
|first=Amos B.
|year=2014
|title=A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland
|publisher=Asia-Pacific Linguistics
|isbn=978-1-922185-10-5
|location=Canberra
|url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/12015/1/Teo%20A%20phonological%20and%20phonetic%20description%20of%20Sumi%202014.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Thelwall
|first1=Robin
|last2=Sa'Adeddin
|first2=M. Akram
|year=1990
|title=Arabic 
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=20
|issue=2
|pages=37–39
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004266
|s2cid=243640727
}}
* {{citation
|last=Trudgill
|first=Peter
|year=2009
|title=Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology
|journal=Journal of Greek Linguistics
|volume=9
|issue=1
|pages=80–97
|doi=10.1163/156658409X12500896406041
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233523754
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Vago
|first=Robert M.
|title=The Sound Pattern of Hungarian
|publisher=Georgetown University Press
|year=1980
|place=Washington, D.C.
}}
* {{citation
|last=van der Veen
|first=Klaas F.
|editor-last1=Munske
|editor-first1=Horst Haider
|editor-last2=Århammar
|editor-first2=Hans
|year=2001
|chapter=13. West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects
|title=Handbook of Frisian studies
|publisher=Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH
|place=Tübingen
|pages=98–116
|isbn=978-3-484-73048-9
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nx-GUm-0OIC
}}
* {{citation
|last=Vanvik
|first=Arne
|year=1979
|title=Norsk fonetikk
|trans-title=Norwegian phonetics
|language=no
|publisher=Universitetet i Oslo
|place=Oslo
|isbn=978-82-990584-0-7
}}
* {{citation
|last=Verhoeven
|first=Jo
|year=2005
|title=Belgian Standard Dutch
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/40E060F565C2A84B07993980D2957D49/S0025100305002173a.pdf/belgian_standard_dutch.pdf
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=35
|issue=2
|pages=245
|doi=10.1017/S0025100305002173
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Verhoeven
|first=Jo
|year=2007
|title=The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/C526FB3C25A213C314E5BA6B9DB73EA4/S0025100307002940a.pdf/belgian_limburg_dialect_of_hamont.pdf
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=37
|issue=2
|pages=219–225
|doi=10.1017/S0025100307002940
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{cite thesis|last=Visser|first=Willem|year=1997|title=The Syllable in Frisian|url=https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/files/484468/The_Syllable_in_Frisian.pdf|type=PhD|place=Leiden|publisher=Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics|isbn=90-5569-030-9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192952/https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/files/484468/The_Syllable_in_Frisian.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{citation
|last=Walker
|first=Douglas
|year=1984
|title=The Pronunciation of Canadian French
|location=Ottawa
|publisher=University of Ottawa Press
|isbn=978-0-7766-4500-1
|url=http://people.ucalgary.ca/~dcwalker/PronCF.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Wells
|first=J.C.
|year=1982
|title=Accents of English 2: The British Isles
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
}}
* {{cite web|last=Wissing|first=Daan|year=2016|title=Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory|url=http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011|website=Taalportaal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415194042/http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011|archive-date=15 April 2017|url-status=live|access-date=16 April 2017}}
* {{citation |author=Zaharani Ahmad |title=The Phonology and Morphology of the Perak Dialect |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur |year=1991}}
* {{citation
|last1=Zimmer
|first1=Karl
|last2=Orgun
|first2=Orhan
|year=1999
|chapter=Turkish
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0
|pages=154–158
|chapter-url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf
|access-date=2015-11-21
|archive-date=2018-07-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}
*{{cite thesis|title=O dialeto árabe de Essaouira: documentação e descrição de uma variedade do sul do Marrocos|last=Francisco|first=Felipe Benjamin|s2cid=214469852|publisher=[[University of São Paulo]]|place=[[São Paulo]]|year=2019|doi=10.11606/T.8.2019.tde-29102019-180034|type=PhD|doi-access=free}}
*{{citation|last=Galastri|first=Eliane de Oliveira|year=2011|publication-place=[[Araraquara]]|publisher=[[São Paulo State University]]|language=pt-BR|type=Term paper|hdl=11449/119177|hdl-access=free|title=Guia para a transcrição fonética do dialeto paulista|journal=Aleph }}
{{refend}}