Editing Operation Paperclip (section)

==Arrivals==
[[File:Project Paperclip Team at Fort Bliss.jpg|upright=1.6|thumb|A group of 104 [[aerospace engineering|rocket scientists]] at [[Fort Bliss, Texas]]]]
In May 1945, the US Navy "received in custody" [[Herbert A. Wagner]], the inventor of the [[Hs 293]] missile; for two years, he first worked at the Special Devices Center, at Castle Gould and at Hempstead House, Long Island, New York; in 1947, he moved to the [[Naval Air Station Point Mugu]].{{sfn|Hunt|1991|pp=6, 21, 31, 172, 259}}

In August 1945, Colonel [[Holger Toftoy]], head of the Rocket Branch of the Research and Development Division of the US Army's Ordnance Corps, offered initial one-year contracts to the rocket scientists; 127 of them accepted. In September 1945, the first group of seven rocket scientists (aerospace engineers) arrived at [[Fort Strong]] on [[Long Island (Massachusetts)|Long Island]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] harbor: [[Wernher von Braun]], Erich W. Neubert, Theodor A. Poppel, [[William August Schulze]], [[Eberhard Rees]], Wilhelm Jungert, and Walter Schwidetzky.<ref name=McGovern />

Beginning in late 1945, three rocket-scientist groups arrived in the United States for duty at [[Fort Bliss]], Texas, and at [[White Sands Proving Grounds]], [[New Mexico]], as "War Department Special Employees".<ref name=Huzel>{{cite book |last=Huzel|first=Dieter K|title=Peenemünde to Canaveral|year=1960|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs NJ|pages=27,226}}</ref>{{Rp|27}}<ref name="moniquegerman26">{{cite book |last=Laney |first=Monique |date=2015 |title=German Rocketeers in the Heart of Dixie: Making Sense of the Nazi Past During the Civil Rights Era  |location=New Haven and London |publisher=Yale University Press |page=26 |isbn=978-0-300-19803-4}}</ref>

In 1946, the [[United States Bureau of Mines]] employed seven German [[synthetic fuel]] scientists at a [[Fischer–Tropsch]] chemical plant in [[Louisiana, Missouri|Louisiana]], [[Missouri]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/primary_documents/presentations/ft_ww2/ft_ww2_slide33.htm |title=Fischer-Tropsch.org |publisher=Fischer-Tropsch.org |access-date=December 22, 2011  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013714/http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/primary_documents/presentations/ft_ww2/ft_ww2_slide33.htm |archive-date=September 24, 2015 }}</ref>

On June 1, 1949, the [[Chief of Ordnance of the United States Army]] designated [[Redstone Arsenal]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama]], as the Ordnance Rocket Center, its facility for rocket research and development. On April 1, 1950, the Fort Bliss missile development operation, including von Braun and his team of over 130 Paperclip members, was transferred to Redstone Arsenal.

In early 1950, legal US residency for some of the Project Paperclip specialists was effected through the US consulate in [[Ciudad Juárez]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], Mexico; thus, German scientists legally entered the United States from Latin America.<ref name=Huzel />{{Rp|226}}<ref name=Ordway />

Between 1945 and 1952, the [[United States Air Force]] sponsored the largest number of Paperclip scientists, importing 260 men, of whom 36 returned to Germany, and one, [[Walter Schreiber]], emigrated to Argentina.{{sfn|Lasby|1975|p=257}}

The [[United States Army Signal Corps]] employed 24 specialists—including the physicists [[Single-wire transmission line#Goubau line|Georg Goubau]], Gunter Guttwein, Georg Hass, Horst Kedesdy, and [[Kurt Lehovec]]; the physical chemists Rudolf Brill, {{ill|Ernst Baars|de}}, and Eberhard Both; the geophysicist Helmut Weickmann; the optician Gerhard Schwesinger; and the engineers Eduard Gerber, Richard Guenther, and [[Hans K. Ziegler|Hans Ziegler]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Fred Carl |url=http://www.campevans.org/_CE/html/paperclip.html |title=Operation Paperclip and Camp Evans |publisher=Campevans.org |access-date=December 22, 2011  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309040455/http://www.campevans.org/_CE/html/paperclip.html |archive-date=March 9, 2012 }}</ref>

In 1959, 94 Operation Paperclip men went to the United States, including [[Friedwardt Winterberg]] and Friedrich Wigand.{{sfn|Hunt|1991|pp=6, 21, 31, 172, 259}}

Overall, through its operations to 1990, Operation Paperclip imported 1,600 men as part of the ''intellectual reparations'' owed to the US and the UK, valued at [[US$]]10 billion in patents and industrial processes.{{sfn|Hunt|1991|pp=6, 21, 31, 172, 259}}<ref>Naimark. 206 (Naimark cites Gimbel, John ''Science Technology and Reparations: Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany'') The $10 billion compare to the 1948 US GDP $258 billion, and to the total Marshall plan (1948–52) expenditure of $13 billion, of which Germany received $1.4 billion (partly as loans).</ref>