Editing PAVE PAWS (section)

== Development ==
[[File:PAVE Paws Computer Room.jpg|thumb|1986 Cape Cod PAVE PAWS computer room with 4 hard disk units (foreground).{{r|HAER}}]]
The SLBM Phased Array Radar System (SPARS){{efn|name=a|1 =
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PAVE PAWS was one of the earliest large USAF Support Systems not developed with a 3 digit number and an appended letter, such as the preceding 474N SLBM system and the "Big L" systems that included the Burroughs "425L Command/Control and Missile Warning" ("fully operational" at Cheyenne Mountain on 20 April 1966{{r|NORAD1966}}) and the [[Project Space Track|"496L Spacetrack"]] systems<ref name=GAO1978>{{cite web|date=21 September 1978 |title=NORAD's Information Processing Improvement Program: Will It Enhance Mission Capability?|url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/130/123974.pdf |format=Report to Congress|publisher=Comptroller General |access-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> which networked PAVE PAWS.
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}} was the USAF program initiated in November 1972 by the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] (JCS){{r|ADA088323}} while the Army's PAR was under construction.  A 1974 SPARS proposal for "two new SLBM Phased Array Warning Radars" was submitted to replace the east/west coast 474N detection radars, which had "limitations against Soviet SLBMs, particularly the longer range [[SS-N-8]]"<ref name=UN>{{cite web|year=1974 |title=Documents on Disarmament – Report by Secretary of Defense Schlesinger to Congress |url=https://www.un.org/disarmament/publications/documents_on_disarmament/1974/ |publisher=United Nations |access-date=21 April 2014 |quote=The [[Defense Support Program|Western hemisphere satellites]] provide the first warning of SLBM launches against the U.S. Complementary warning coverage is now supposed to be provided by the 474N SLBM "dish" warning radars. Unfortunately, these 474N radars—four on the East Coast, three on the West Coast, and one on the Gulf Coast—have limitations against Soviet SLBMs, particularly the new longer range SS-N-8. … Accordingly, we again propose to replace those radars (including the [[AN/FPS-49]] standby SLBM warning radar at [[Moorestown, New Jersey]]) with two new SLBM Phased Array Warning Radars—one on the East Coast and one on the West Coast.  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017143846/http://www.un.org/disarmament/publications/documents_on_disarmament/1974/ |archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> on 1973 [[Delta-class submarine|"Delta" class submarines]].{{r|HAER}} Development began in August 1973,<ref name=Satterthwaite>{{cite web |date= June 2000 |url= http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a468199.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122347/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a468199.pdf |url-status= live |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |title= Space Surveillance And Early Warning Radars: Buried Treasure for the Information Grid |first= Charles P. |last= Satterthwaite |quote=The network, eventually controlled by the 4783rd Surveillance Squadron of the {{sic|14th}} Aerospace Force, was fully operational by May 1972. … Early Warning Radar Systems such as PARCS and PAVE PAWS, and Space Surveillance Radars, such as the Eglin AFB Radar…are called Buried Treasure, because they already exist as National Information Source assets, but their full potential and value is greatly under utilized.}}</ref> SPARS was renamed{{efn|name="b"|1 =
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The [[PAVE]] identifier used when PAVE PAWS was designated on 18 February 1975{{r|DelPapa}}{{rp|37}} was "a code word for the Air Force unit in charge of the project" and which developed other PAVE systems—"CF" the unit for "the COBRA system" with<ref name=Winkler1997/> [[Cobra Dane|the Cobra Dane (AN/FPS-108) radar]].  By 1979, PAVE systems used the term Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry defined for the identifier, e.g., the 1980 [[PAVE Pillar]]<ref name="Aviation Today, 2011">{{cite journal |url= http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/topstories/Northrop-Grumman-Sets-TR-Module-Standard_73016.html |title= Northrop Grumman Sets T/R Module Standard  |journal= Avionics Today |date= 12 April 2011}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2015|reason= Citation says nothing about the origin of the term PAVE}} and {{circa|lk=no|1977}}{{r|SmithByrd}} [[JSTARS|Pave Mover]] (JSTARS) programs initiated by the USAF.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first1= Alexander H. |editor-last1= Levis |url= http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110125-034.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111127151938/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110125-034.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 27 November 2011 |title= The Limitless Sky |page= 74}}</ref> In particular, on 1 October 1999 the [[Department of the Air Force]] identified PAVE PAWS as "Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry Phased Array Warning System",<ref name=Handy>{{cite report |date=1 October 1999 |title=Communications-Electronics (C-E) Manager's Handbook |url=http://nato.radioscanner.ru/files/article63/communications_elect.pdf |publisher=Department of the Air Force |access-date=4 June 2014 |quote=The NMCC's [Command Center Processing and Display System] provides Tactical Warning and Attack Assessment (TW/AA) data to surveillance officers in the Emergency Actions Room and the National Military Intelligence Center (NMIC).}}</ref> a term publicized as early as 1979.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19790123&id=_qIrAAAAIBAJ&pg=6054,4139364 |title= Pave Paws for the Cape |newspaper= The Telegraph |date= 23 January 1979}}</ref>
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}} '''PAVE PAWS''' on 18 February 1975,{{r|DelPapa}}{{rp|37}} and system production was requested by a 13 June 1975 [[Request for Proposals]] (RFP).{{r|SmithByrd}} [[Rome Air Development Center]] (RADC) "was responsible for the design, fabrication installation, integration test, and evaluation of" PAVE PAWS through 1980.<ref name=SmithByrd>{{cite report |last1=Smith |first1=John Q. |last2=Byrd |first2=David A |year= 1991 |title=Forty Years of Research and Development at Griffis Air Force Base: June 1951 – June 1991 |url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA250435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131948/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA250435  |archive-date=8 April 2013 |number=AD-A250 435 |publisher=Rome Laboratory |access-date=10 March 2014 }} (PAVE PAWS concept drawing on p. 141)</ref>

The differing USAF AN/FPS-109 [[Cobra Dane]] phased array radar in Alaska achieved IOC on 13 July 1977{{r|MiS}} for "providing intelligence on Soviet test missiles fired at the [[Kamchatka peninsula]] from locations in southwestern Russia".<ref name=Winkler1997/> The [[Safeguard Program|Safeguard]] [[AN/FPQ-16 PARCS|PAR station]] that closed in 1976, had its radar "modified for the [[Aerospace Defense Command|ADCOM]] mission during 1977 [and] ADCOM accepted [the Concrete Missile Early Warning Station] from the Army on 3 October 1977"{{r|MiS}} for "SLBM surveillance of Arctic Ocean areas".{{r|Weinberger}}    By December 1977 RADC had developed{{r|SmithByrd}} the 322 watt PAVE PAWS "solid state transmitter and receiver module",{{r|ADA088323}}  and the System Program Office (ESD/OCL) issued the AN/FPS-115 "System Performance Specification …SS-OCLU-75-1A" on 15 December 1977.<ref>{{Citation |date=15 December 1977 |title=System Performance Specification for Phased Array Warning System, PAVE PAWS, Radar Set AN/FPS-115 |number=Specification No. SS-OCLU-75-1A, Code Ident 49956 |publisher=Prepared by PAVE PAWS System Program Office, Electronic Systems Division, OCL |location=Hanscom Air Force Base}} (cited by ADA088323)</ref> [[IBM Federal Systems|IBM's]] PAVE PAWS "beam-steering and pulse schedules from the [[CYBER-174]]" duplexed computers to the [[MODCOMP IV]] duplexed radar control computers were "based upon" PARCS program(s) installed for attack characterization in 1977 when the USAF received the Army's PAR.{{r|ADA088323}}  Bell Labs enhanced{{Clarify|reason=Did Bell labs add PAVE PAWS solid-state T/R to PARCS?|date=June 2014}} the PARCS beginning December 1978, e.g., "extending the range"{{r|MiS}} by 1989 for [[GE AN/FPQ-16 Enhanced Perimeter Acquisition Radar Attack Characterization System|the Enhanced PARCS configuration]] (EPARCS).