Editing Palimpsest (section)

== Famous examples ==
[[file:Codex Nitriensis, f.20r (Luke 9,22-33).jpg|thumb|[[Codex Nitriensis]], with Greek text of Luke 9:22–33 (lower text)]]
[[file:Codex Nitriensis, f.20r (Syriac text).jpg|thumb|Codex Nitriensis, with Syriac text (upper text)]]
[[file:Codex Guelferbytanus B 00474.jpg|thumb|The [[Wolfenbüttel]] [[Codex Guelferbytanus A]]]]

* The best-known palimpsest in the legal world was discovered in 1816 by Niebuhr and Savigny in the [[Chapter Library of Verona|library of Verona cathedral]]. Underneath letters by St. Jerome and Gennadius was the almost complete text of the [[Institutes of Gaius|''Institutes'' of Gaius]], probably the first students' textbook on Roman law.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Institutes of Gaius |editor-first=W.M. |editor-last=Gordon |editor2-first=O.F. |editor2-last=Robinson |editor2-link= Olivia F. Robinson |date=1988 |isbn=9780715625057 |oclc=800515546 }}</ref>
* The ''[[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus]]'', [[Bibliothèque Nationale de France]], Paris: portions of the Old and New Testaments in Greek, attributed to the 5th century, are covered with works of [[Ephrem the Syrian|Ephraem the Syrian]] in a hand of the 12th century.
* The [[Sana'a palimpsest]] is one of the oldest Qur'anic manuscripts in existence. [[Carbon dating]] of the parchment assigns a date somewhere before 671 with a probability of 99%. Given that sūra 9, one of the last revealed chapters, is present and assuming the likely possibility that the undertext (the {{Lang|la|scriptio inferior}}) was written shortly after the preparation of the parchment, it was probably written relatively shortly, 10 to 40 years, after the death of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. The undertext differs from the standard Qur'anic text and is therefore the most important documentary evidence for the existence of variant Qur'anic readings.<ref name=Sadeghi2>{{cite journal |last = Sadeghi |first = Behnam |author2 = Goudarzi, Mohsen |title = Ṣan'ā' 1 and the Origins of the Qur'ān |journal = Der Islam |date = March 2012 |volume = 87 |issue = 1–2 |pages = 1–129 |doi = 10.1515/islam-2011-0025 |s2cid = 164120434 |url = https://bible-quran.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Sadeghi-Goudarzi-sana-Origins-of-the-Quran.pdf |access-date = 2012-03-26 |archive-date = 2021-10-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211024171620/https://bible-quran.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Sadeghi-Goudarzi-sana-Origins-of-the-Quran.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>
* Among the Syriac manuscripts obtained from the [[Nitrian desert]] in Egypt, [[British Museum]], London: important Greek texts, [[British Library, Add. 17212|Add. Ms. 17212]] with Syriac translation of St. Chrysostom's ''Homilies'', of the 9th/10th century, covers a Latin grammatical treatise from the 6th century.
* [[Codex Nitriensis]], a volume containing a work of [[Severus of Antioch]] of the beginning of the 9th century, is written on palimpsest leaves taken from 6th-century manuscripts of the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the [[Gospel of Luke]], both of the 6th century, and the ''[[Euclid's Elements]]'' of the 7th or 8th century, British Museum.
* A ''double palimpsest'', in which a text of St. [[John Chrysostom]], in [[Syriac language|Syriac]], of the 9th or 10th century, covers a Latin grammatical treatise in a cursive hand of the 6th century, which in its turn covers the Latin annals of the historian [[Granius Licinianus]], of the 5th century, British Museum.
* The only known ''hyper-palimpsest'': the [[Novgorod Codex]], where potentially hundreds of texts have left their traces on the wooden back wall of a wax tablet.
* The Ambrosian [[Plautus]], in rustic capitals, of the 4th or 5th century, re-written with portions of the [[Bible]] in the 9th century, Ambrosian Library.
* [[Cicero]], ''[[De re publica]]'' in [[uncial]]s, of the 4th century, the sole surviving copy, covered by [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]] on the [[Psalms]], of the 7th century, [[Vatican Library]].
* [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''On the Maintenance of Friendship'', the sole surviving fragment, overwritten by a late-6th-century Old Testament.
* The ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' of [[Turin]], of the 5th or 6th century.
* The ''[[Fasti Consulares]]'' of [[Verona]], of 486.
* The [[Arian fragment]] of the [[Vatican Library|Vatican]], of the 5th century.
* The letters of [[Cornelius Fronto]], overwritten by the Acts of the [[Council of Chalcedon]].
* The ''[[Archimedes Palimpsest]]'', a work of the great Syracusan mathematician copied onto parchment in the 10th century and overwritten by a liturgical text in the 12th century.
* The [[Sinaitic Palimpsest]], the oldest Syriac copy of the gospels, from the 4th century.
* The unique copy of a Greek grammatical text composed by [[Aelius Herodianus|Herodian]] for the emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]] in the 2nd century, preserved in the {{Lang|de|Österreichische Nationalbibliothek}}, Vienna.
* [[Codex Zacynthius]] – Greek palimpsest fragments of the gospel of Saint Luke, obtained in the island of [[Zante]], by General [[Colin Macaulay]], deciphered, transcribed and edited by [[Samuel Prideaux Tregelles|Tregelles]] in 1861.
* The [[Codex Dublinensis]] (Codex Z) of St. Matthew's Gospel, at [[Trinity College Dublin]], also deciphered by Tregelles in 1853.
* The Codex Guelferbytanus 64 Weissenburgensis, with text of ''Origins'' of [[Isidore of Seville|Isidore]], partly palimpsest, with texts of earlier codices [[Codex Guelferbytanus A|Guelferbytanus A]], [[Codex Guelferbytanus B|Guelferbytanus B]], [[Codex Carolinus]], and several other texts Greek and Latin.
* The Jerusalem Palimpsest of Euripides contains fragments of the text of Euripides. Among these fragments, six plays are included: ''Hecuba, Phoenissae, Orestes, Andromacha, Hippolytus and Medea.''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daitz |first1=Stephen G. |title=The Jerusalem Palimpsest of Euripides : A Facsimile Edition with Commentary |date=1970 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter & Co. |location=Berlin |isbn=9783110011937 |url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/templeuniv-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3042567 |access-date=March 13, 2024 |ref=8}}</ref>

About sixty palimpsest manuscripts of the Greek New Testament have survived to the present day. [[Uncial]] codices include:

[[Codex Porphyrianus|Porphyrianus]], [[Codex Vaticanus 2061|Vaticanus 2061]] (double palimpsest), [[Uncial 064]], [[Uncial 065|065]], [[Uncial 066|066]], [[Uncial 067|067]], [[Uncial 068|068]] (double palimpsest), [[Uncial 072|072]], [[Uncial 078|078]], [[Uncial 079|079]], [[Uncial 086|086]], [[Uncial 088|088]], [[Uncial 093|093]], [[Uncial 094|094]], [[Uncial 096|096]], [[Uncial 097|097]], [[Uncial 098|098]], [[Uncial 0103|0103]], [[Uncial 0104|0104]], [[Uncial 0116|0116]], [[Uncial 0120|0120]], [[Codex Sangallensis 18|0130]], [[Uncial 0132|0132]], [[Uncial 0133|0133]], [[Uncial 0135|0135]], [[Uncial 0208|0208]], [[Uncial 0209|0209]].

Lectionaries include:

* [[Lectionary 226]], [[Lectionary 1637|'''ℓ''' ''1637'']].cvd