Editing Parasitoid (section)

===Influencing host behaviour===
[[File:Female Apocephalus borealis ovipositing into the abdomen of a worker honey bee.png|thumb|Female [[Phoridae|phorid fly]] ''[[Apocephalus borealis]]'' (centre left) [[ovipositing]] into the abdomen of a worker [[honey bee]], [[Behavior-altering parasites and parasitoids|altering its behaviour]]]]
{{further|Behavior-altering parasite}}

In another strategy, some parasitoids [[Behavior-altering parasite|influence the host's behaviour]] in ways that favour the propagation of the parasitoid, often at the cost of the host's life. A spectacular example is the [[Dicrocoelium dendriticum|lancet liver fluke]], which causes host ants to die clinging to grass stalks, where grazers or birds may be expected to eat them and complete the parasitoidal fluke's life cycle in its [[Host (biology)#Types_of_hosts|definitive host]]. Similarly, as [[strepsiptera]]n parasitoids of ants mature, they cause the hosts to climb high on grass stalks, positions that are risky, but favour the emergence of the strepsipterans.<ref name=Wojcik>{{cite journal |author=Wojcik, Daniel P. |title=Behavioral Interactions between Ants and Their Parasites |journal=The Florida Entomologist |volume=72 |issue=1 |date=March 1989 |pages=43–51 |doi=10.2307/3494966|jstor=3494966 }}</ref> Among pathogens of mammals, the [[rabies virus]] affects the host's [[central nervous system]], eventually killing it, but perhaps helping to disseminate the virus by modifying the host's behaviour.<ref name="pmid7777324">{{cite journal |author=Taylor, P. J. |title=A systematic and population genetic approach to the rabies problem in the yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata) |journal=Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=379–87 |date=December 1993 |pmid=7777324}}</ref> Among the parasitic wasps, ''[[Glyptapanteles]]'' modifies the behaviour of its host caterpillar to defend the pupae of the wasps after they emerge from the caterpillar's body.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grosman |first1=Amir H. |last2=Janssen |first2=Arne |last3=Brito |first3=Elaine F. de |last4=Cordeiro |first4=Eduardo G. |last5=Colares |first5=Felipe |last6=Fonseca |first6=Juliana Oliveira |last7=Lima |first7=Eraldo R. |last8=Pallini |first8=Angelo |last9=Sabelis |first9=Maurice W. |date=4 June 2008 |title=Parasitoid Increases Survival of Its Pupae by Inducing Hosts to Fight Predators |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=e2276 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002276 |pmc=2386968 |pmid=18523578|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2276G |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[phorid fly]] ''[[Apocephalus borealis]]'' oviposits into the abdomen of its hosts, including [[honey bee]]s, causing them to abandon their nest, flying from it at night and soon dying, allowing the next generation of flies to emerge outside the hive.<ref name=Core2012>{{cite journal |last1=Core |first1=Andrew |last2=Runcke |first2=Charles |last3=Ivers |first3=Jonathan |last4=Quock |first4=Christopher |last5=Siapno |first5=Travis |last6=DeNault |first6=Seraphina |last7=Brown |first7=Brian |last8=DeRisi |first8=Joseph |last9=Smith |first9=Christopher D. |last10=Hafernik |first10=John |year=2012 |title=A new threat to honey bees, the parasitic phorid fly ''Apocephalus borealis'' |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=e29639 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0029639 |pmid=22235317 |pmc=3250467|bibcode=2012PLoSO...729639C |doi-access=free }}</ref>