Editing Parkend (section)

== History ==

===Early history===
The earliest evidence of human activity in Parkend comes from a hoard of over 1,000 Roman coins, found in the village in 1852, and dating from around AD 300.<ref name=earlyhist/> A lack of other artefacts from the period suggests that the Romans probably did not settle there. History is then silent until 1278, and the first record of a hunting enclosure called ‘Wistemede’ - later known as Whitemead Park. The village's location, at one end of this park, is how Parkend derived its name.

In 1612 [[James VI and I|James I]] built a [[charcoal]]-fired [[blast furnace]] and forge at ‘Parke End’, bringing with it the first real settlement, however, ‘The King’s Ironworks’ proved horrendously inefficient and it closed in 1674.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parkend |url=http://www.deanweb.info/parkend.html |publisher=DEanweb |accessdate=28 August 2020 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829085023/http://www.deanweb.info/parkend.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It would seem that occupation of the village then ceased until new dwellings appeared from 1747 onwards. Part of the Fountain Inn dates back to 1767 and is the oldest surviving building in Parkend. The first record of a coal mine in Parkend dates back to 1718, although the remains of several [[bell pit]]s, possibly dating back to the 1600s, are visible in the woods south-west of St Paul's church.<ref>{{cite web |title=Forest of Dean: Industry Pages 326-354 A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 5, Bledisloe Hundred, St. Briavels Hundred, the Forest of Dean. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/glos/vol5/pp326-354 |website=British History Online |publisher=Victoria County History |accessdate=28 August 2020 |archive-date=27 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827143834/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/glos/vol5/pp326-354 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Industrialisation and growth of the village===
With the advent of [[coke (fuel)|coke]]-fired furnaces, Parkend, and its many coal mines, was once again considered an ideal location for the production of iron. In 1799 a new ironworks was constructed near the site of the current post office. Initially it suffered from technical problems, but by the early/mid-1800s it had triggered a major industrialisation of the village.

The need for improved transport links was instrumental in the construction of a horse-drawn tramroad by the Severn & Wye Railway Co in 1810, connecting the village with the docks at Lydney. Demand for coal at the ironworks also lead to the appearance of several large coal mines in the village during the early 1800s, the most notable being 'Castlemain'.

In 1818/9 another ironworks was also built at [[Darkhill Ironworks|Darkhill]], just to the west of Parkend, and in 1845 [[Robert Forester Mushet]] took over management of the site. One of his greatest achievements was to perfect the [[Bessemer Process]] by discovering the solution to early quality problems which beset the process.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anstis |first1=Ralph |title=Man of Iron, Man of Steel: Lives of David and Robert Mushet |date=1997 |publisher=Albion House |isbn=978-0951137147|page=140}}</ref> In a second key advance in metallurgy Mushet invented [[Mushet steel|'R Mushet's Special Steel']] (R.M.S.) in 1868.<ref name="tilthammer">{{Citation | title = Robert Mushet | url = http://www.tilthammer.com/bio/mush.html | accessdate = 2009-05-27 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090726052149/http://www.tilthammer.com/bio/mush.html | archivedate = 26 July 2009 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> It was both the first true [[tool steel]]<ref name="tilthammer"/> and the first [[air-hardening steel]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stoughton |first1=Bradley |title=The Metallurgy of Iron and Steel |date=1908 |isbn=978-1112218781|pages=408–409}}</ref> It revolutionised the design of machine tools and the progress of industrial metalworking, and was the forerunner of [[High speed steel]]. The remains of Darkhill are now preserved as an Industrial Archaeological Site of International Importance and are open to the public.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anstis |first1=Ralph |title=Man of Iron, Man of Steel: Lives of David and Robert Mushet |date=1997 |publisher=Albion House |isbn=978-0951137147}}</ref>

In 1825, the lower [[Cannop Ponds|pond at Cannop]] and a 1½ mile leat were constructed to provide a constant supply of water to a waterwheel at Parkend Ironworks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cannop Ponds |url=https://www.forestryengland.uk/cannop-ponds |publisher=Forestry Commission |accessdate=28 August 2020 |archive-date=28 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828175755/https://www.forestryengland.uk/cannop-ponds |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite the enormous effort expended in creating this supply, it proved inadequate and an engine house and steam engine were added in 1828. A second pond at Cannop was also constructed a year later.

The school and St Paul’s church were built in 1822 and Henry Poole, who had designed both, became Parkend’s first vicar. He moved into the new vicarage in 1829, but the school developed structural problems and was rebuilt, on the same site, in 1845.

A stone works opened in 1850 and a tinplate works was constructed in 1853. It stood to the left of the ironworks, and further along was built a row of terraced houses, known as ‘The Square’, which were used to accommodate the workers there.

In 1864 the Severn and Wye Railway Company began operating [[steam locomotives]] on the existing tramway. This proved to be unsatisfactory and 1868 the company also added a broad-gauge steam railway line, but both were removed and replaced with standard gauge tracks by 1874. At around the same time, a loading wharf, known as Marsh Sidings, was constructed and [[Parkend railway station]] opened in 1875, allowing the company to also operate passenger trains alongside its freight operations.<ref name=farnworth/>

In 1871 a third furnace was added at Parkend Ironworks, but the optimism behind this investment was to be short-lived.

===Periods of industrial decline===
During the mid-1870s, industry in the Forest, and across the country as a whole, quickly began to slide into a [[Long Depression|deep recession]]. Parkend Tinplate Works, and the ironworks that had dominated the village for 90 years, succumbed to a loss of markets and both closed in 1877. Just a few years before, these two businesses alone had been employing 500 people between them, but even this was overshadowed by the closure of the Parkend coal pits in 1880, which went into voluntary liquidation with the loss of 700 jobs.

By the mid-1880s, the industrial decline that had gripped the Forest was beginning to ease. The mines, which had closed in 1880, reopened in 1885 and by the 1890s they were prospering once again. The ironworks did not re-open and were demolished by 1909, although the imposing engine-house survived to become the country’s first Forester Training School in 1910.

The 1920s proved to be another difficult period for the residents of Parkend. The high demand for coal, that had been created by the [[First World War]], was followed by a slump and industrial unrest. Matters were made worse as the local mines were now finding it difficult to access coal easily, and some had been worked out completely. There were major strikes in 1921 and 1926, and all the village mines, except [[New Fancy]], finally closed for the last time in 1929. There was a considerable knock-on effect for other industries too and the railway closed to passengers in the same year. Parkend stone works closed in 1932, marking the end of heavy industry in the village.

===Modern history===
The Forester Training School was commandeered by the War Office during WWII and used as a barracks by the American army.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Forester Training School, Parkend |journal=Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research |date=1955 |volume=28 |issue=1 |page=48 |doi=10.1093/forestry/28.1.48 |url=https://academic.oup.com/forestry/article-abstract/28/1/48/583505 |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=28 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828175756/https://academic.oup.com/forestry/article-abstract/28/1/48/583505 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> After the war it reverted to being a forestry school until it was bought by [[Avon County Council]] in 1972, for use as a field-studies centre, and regularly hosts groups of school children.

The houses known as ‘The Square’ were demolished in the mid-1950s and their occupants re-housed in a new council estate. Another housing development, of 26 dwellings, was built near the railway station, in 2004.

Whitemead Park, which had been the Forestry Commission’s headquarters since 1814, was bought by the [[Civil Service Motoring Association]] in 1970. It opened as a caravan site in 1971 and is now the largest tourist accommodation facility in the forest.

Freight operations by the railway continued at Marsh Sidings up until 1976, after which much of the track was dismantled. The line was bought by the Dean Forest Railway Preservation Society and Parkend station was officially re-opened by princess Anne on 19 May 2006.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anstis |first1=Ralph |title=The Story of Parkend: A Forest of Dean Village |date=2009 |publisher=Lightmoor Press |isbn=978-1899889044}}</ref>